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Lingvistika
10. Registers and styles
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Language variation based on the
use
,
situational
context (communicative purposes, mode of production, ways of interaction), and linguistic features (typical lexical and grammatical characteristics)
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Functional
style
A system of
language
means which serves a definite
aim
in communication
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Functional
styles of English
Belles-lettres
Scientific
prose
Publicistic
Newspaper
Official
document
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Functional
styles
They have their own
norms
but do not violate the
general
notion of the literary norm
They are
patterns
of mainly written variety of
language
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Styles
identified by Joos
Frozen
style
Formal
style
Consultative
style
Casual
style
Intimate
style
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Genre
Message type that over time develops an
identifying structure
,
communicative events
which share communicative purpose
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Register
A text variety: typical
linguistic
characteristics + the situation of use +
communicative
purpose
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Genre
A text variety:
conventional structure
+ the situation of use +
communicative purpose
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Style
A text variety:
preferences
in the use of
linguistic features
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Publicistic
style
Presents
opinions
Aim: to influence public opinion through
logical
arguments and
emotional
appeal
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Publicistic
style substyles
Oratory
and
speeches
The
essay
Journalistic
articles
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Oratory
and speeches
To
persuade
Direct contact with the listeners – gestures, body
language
,
physical
appearance
Address
political
and
social
problems
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Oratory
and speeches
Weddings, funerals, sermons, courts
Political speeches
: debates, speeches at meetings
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Oratory
and speeches
Layout: careful and simple structure
Vocabulary:
emotive
meaning, direct address to the
audience
(ladies and gentlemen), colloquial words
Grammar:
2nd
person (you),
contradictions
(I'll, won't,...)
Syntax: logical and coherent,
rhetorical
questions, repetition, changing intonation (to break monotony),
repeated
direct address (dear friends)
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The
essay
Moderate length on
philosophical
,
social
, or literary subjects
Series of
personal
and
witty
comments
Never goes
deep
into the subject
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The
essay
Naturalness
of expression
Brevity
of expression, use of
1st
person singular (justifies the personal approach)
Use of
connectives
to correlate the ideas
Emotive
words,
metaphors
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Journalistic
articles
Rare
and bookish words,
neologisms
Expressing opinion – names of
journalists
appear
Traditional word combinations,
emotional
language
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Journalistic
articles
Reviews, opinions, columns
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Newspaper
style
Purpose: to bring latest,
accurate
information on current affairs
British newspapers can be classified into: popular (
tabloids
) and quality (
broadsheet
)
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Newspaper
style layout
Titles and headlines
– to attract reader and emphasize importance
Paragraphs
– not-well organized long sentences, short-paragraphing to help readers scan, long paragraphing well organized
Punctuation marks
to engage and emphasize
Devices as:
colours
,
photographs
, pictures and diagrams
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Newspaper
style vocabulary
Long
NPs,
neologisms
, loan words
Avoid
ambiguity
Contractions
and phrasal verbs => more
intimate
with readers
Stylistic devices – to attract attention, to make it more
appealing
, less
boring
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Newspaper style grammar
NPs with
post-modifiers
Absence of
auxiliaries
in titles – saving space, can be guessed from context,
present perfect
Probability modals
(would, could, might) – uncertainty of style
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Newspaper
style syntax
Complex
and
long
sentences in quality newspapers
Declarative
sentences to report information
Interrogative
sentences – mostly rhetorical questions involving the reader
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News
genre
To
inform
without evaluation
Language: stylistically neutral, political terms, economic terms, newspapers cliché, abbreviations, neologisms
Syntax:
complex sentences
,
five-w-and-h-pattern
rule (who, what, why, how, where, when)
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Scientific
prose style
Functions: to convey knowledge, to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose rules and relations (publish)
Features
: accuracy, objectivity, exact logical, impersonal, unemotional, presenting facts and ideas
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Scientific
prose style layout
Well-organized paragraphs
: introduction, body, conclusion
Titles
and
subtitles
, summarizing the ideas
Figures,
diagrams
,
tables
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Scientific
prose style vocabulary
Terminology
– terms
self explanatory
or explained
Neutral words
,
set phrases
, cliches
Precision
, clarity,
logical cohesion
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Scientific
prose style grammar
Past
/
present
simple, present perfect
Passive
voice for objectivity "
it must be emphasized
"
Long
compound NPs
Accuracy
– adjectives, adverbs
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Scientific
prose style syntax
Connectives
– to indicate conclusion, provide argument, bind information together (logical, contrast, addition)
Hedging
– to tone down statement because of the opposition
Modal
auxiliary
verb: could, might, would
Modal
lexical
verbs: it seems, to believe
Adverbial
: probably, possibly, unlikely
If clauses
Compound
hedges: it seems likely that...
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Substyles
of official documents
Style of
business
documents
Style of
legal
documents
Style of
diplomatic
documents
Style of
military
documents
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Vocabulary
Terminology
– terms
self explanatory
or explained
Neutral
words, set phrases, cliches
Precision
, clarity,
logical
cohesion
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Grammar
Past
/
present
simple, present perfect
Passive
voice for
objectivity
''it must be emphasized''
Long
compound NPs
Accuracy
– adjectives, adverbs
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Syntax
Connectives
– to indicate conclusion, provide argument, bind information together
Logical
: thus, then, therefore
Contrast
: but, yet, however
Addition
: and, or
Hedging
– to tone down statement because of the opposition
Modal
auxiliary
verb: could, might, would
Modal
lexical
verbs: it seems, to believe
Adverbial: probably, possibly, unlikely
If clauses
Compound
hedges: it seems likely that…
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STYLE
OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Aim to state the conditions and to reach agreement
Language: formal,
accurate
,
concrete
, clear
Features: clichés, terms, set expression,
absence
of emotiveness, abbreviations,
symbols
, contradictions
Layout: No paragraphs – equality of items,
Punctuation marks
not used to avoid
double interpretation
, Capitalization – emphasize important words
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SUBSTYLES
of official documents
Style of
business
documents
Style of
legal
documents
Style of
diplomatic
documents
Style of
military
documents
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Vocabulary
in official documents
Highly bookish
logical
dictionary meaning
Archaic
words (archaic forms as: witnesseth, hereunder)
Pair of synonyms:
made
and
signed
, terms and conditions
Terms
, phrases,
clichés
: hereinafter, it is understood and agreed, including without limitation
Latin
(ad hoc, pro rata) and
French
(amicably)
Abbreviations
, symbols, and
marks.
(et al. = and others, C and I = cost and insurance)
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Grammar
in official documents
Long
NPs with post
modifiers
Continuous
tense not used
'shall' in the sense of
'must'
(the request shall be considered)
Adjectives
rarely
to avoid ambiguity
Adverbs of time and place to achieve
precision
(thereby, thereof, hereunder)
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Syntax
in official documents
Long
complex
complicated sentences
Declarative
sentences: to reflect
obligatory
nature
Many
interruptions
to reflect the
complexity
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BELLES
-LETTRES STYLE
Aesthetic function
, not to prove but only suggest possible interpretation, words in
contextual
meaning
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Substyles
of belles-lettres
Poetry
Prose drama
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