Circulatory

• Circulatory system

  All the routes in which different forms of circulatory fluids in our body would flow
• Blood

  Specialized body fluid
• Our blood is denser and is more viscous than water
• Our blood is thicker and slightly sticky
• The temperature of our blood accounts to 30 degrees Celsius and it is slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45
• Bright red blood

  Saturated with oxygen
• Dark red blood

  Unsaturated with oxygen
• Our blood constitutes 20 % of extracellular fluid amounting to the 8% of our total body mass
• The volume of blood is 5 to 6 liters or 1.5 gallons in an average adult male and also 4 to 5 liters in an average size adult female

  
• Difference in blood volume between males and females

  Due to difference in their body size
• Functions of blood

  • Transportation of oxygen and nutrients
  • Carries nutrients from GI tract to body cells
  • Transports hormones
  • Transports heat and waste products
• Blood clotting

  Blood becomes gel-like to protect against excessive loss from the cardiovascular system after an injury
• White blood cells

  Protect against diseases by carrying phagocytes

  
• Blood proteins

  • Antibodies
  • Interferons
  • Complement proteins
• Blood balance

  Helps maintain homeostasis of body fluid, acid-base balance, and temperature regulation
• Components of whole blood

  • Blood plasma
  • Formed elements

  
• Blood plasma

  Watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

  
• Plasma is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes which are mostly proteins
• Plasma

  Carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins
• Centrifugation

  Mechanical process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution based on size, density, medium viscosity, and rotor speed
• Upon centrifugation, blood separates into plasma (55%), buffy coat (less than 1% leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes (45%)

  
• Formed elements of blood

  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells

  
• Platelets

  Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that develop from hemocytoblasts, 150,000-400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

  
• Coagulation/clotting time tests

  • Coagulation time (8-15 minutes)
  • Bleeding time (2-7 minutes)
  • Prothrombin time (11-13.5 seconds)
  • INR (0.8-1.1)
  • PTT (60-70 seconds)
  • APTT (30-40 seconds)

  
• Heparin

  Blood thinner, anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting

  
• Prothrombin

  Made in the liver, stops bleeding
• Fibrinogen

  Soluble blood plasma protein
• Fibrin

  Insoluble protein substance
• Coagulation factors

  • (not explicitly listed)
• Leukocytes (WBCs)

  Responsible for immunity, have nuclei and organelles but no hemoglobin, normal range is 3500-9100 per cubic millimeter

  
• Types of leukocytes

  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
  • Agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

  
• Granulocytes

  Most numerous WBCs, have granules and multilobed nuclei, larger than RBCs, responsible for inflammatory response

  
• Agranulocytes

  For adaptive immunity, do not contain granules, have clear cytoplasm and visible nuclei, considered mononuclear leukocytes

  
• Lymphocytes

  Classified as large (10-14 micrometers) or small (6-9 micrometers), increase in large lymphocytes has diagnostic significance in acute viral infection and immune deficiency diseases

  
• Monocytes

  Kidney-shaped or U-shaped, have blue-gray foamy cytoplasm, enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages

  
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)

  • Majority of blood cells, 7.7 micrometers in diameter, contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, lack mitochondria and generate ATP anaerobically, have biconcave shape to facilitate function

  
• Erythropoiesis

  Production of red blood cells in bone marrow, liver, spleen, and fetal bone marrow

  
• Plasma components

  • Proteins
  • Other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste, gases, regulatory substances)
• Serum

  Clear portion of plasma with clotting factors removed
• ABO blood group

  Based on A and B glycolipid antigens on red blood cells