Cardio

• The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC).
• The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the pulmonary artery (PA) and aorta (AO), respectively.
• The heart is located between the lungs, behind the sternum.
• The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart and contains serous fluid.
• Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which consists of an inflatable cuff around the upper arm, a manometer or gauge to measure pressure, and a stethoscope to listen to Korotkoff sounds.
• It has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.
• The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
• The serous pericardium has two layers - parietal and visceral.
• From there it passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
• The outer layer of the pericardium is called the fibrous pericardium or adventitia, while the inner layer is called the serous pericardium or visceral pericardium.
• Korotkoff sounds are heard when the cuff is deflating and indicate changes in blood flow as the cuff pressure decreases below systolic pressure.
• Blood flows into the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
• The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall, while the endocardium lines the inside of the heart chambers and valves.
• Semilunar valves are found on both sides of the heart and prevent backflow into the great vessels when the ventricles contract.
• Diastolic blood pressure is the lowest sound heard just before the cuff reaches atmospheric pressure.
• The coronary circulation system supplies blood to the heart itself.
• Systolic blood pressure is the highest sound heard when the cuff is being released.
• Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle.
• Korotkoff sounds are heard as the cuff deflates and indicate changes in blood flow.
• The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall made up of cardiac muscle tissue.
• Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats within one minute.
• The heart is divided into four chambers by septums.
• The cardiovascular system is highly complex, consisting of the heart and a closed system of blood vessels
• The heart is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right atria, and left and right ventricles) organ located in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs in the space called the mediastinum
• The heart is about the size of a clenched fist and weighs approximately 255 g (9 oz) in women and 310 g (10.9 oz) in men
• The heart extends vertically from the left second to the left fifth intercostal space (ICS) and horizontally from the right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line (MCL).
• The anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels is called the precordium.
• The upper portion, near the left second ICS, is the base; the lower portion, near the left fifth ICS and the left MCL, is the apex.
• The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange (pulmonary circulation) by removing CO2 from blood and replenishing oxygen supply.
• It occurs between alveoli and the blood of lungs; the left side of the heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body (systemic circulation).
• .Perfusion occurs when blood flows to tissues and organs promoting the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the great vessels
• The superior and inferior vena cava return blood to the right atrium from the upper and lower torsos, respectively.
• The pulmonary artery exits the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries blood to the lungs.
• The pulmonary veins (two from each lung) return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
• The aorta transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
• The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a partition called the septum.
• Superior vena cava is connected to the RA, brings oxygenated blood.
• Inferior vena cava delivers deoxygenated blood from the inferior part of the body towards the heart
• Pulmonary trunk is connected to the RV and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries