UMAAAYY

• landslide - a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not happen on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity induces the land to move downward.
• landslide - It is aggravated by rain because water is a natural agent for erosion. If rain or any source of water frequently flows down a sloping area, the gravitational descent of loosened soil makes it possible for this to occur
• soil creep landslide - a very slow downslope movement of particles that occurs in every slope covered with loose, weathered material
• types of landslide:

  1. soil creep landslide
  2. slumping landslide
  3. debris flow landslide
  4. rock fall landslide
• slumping landslide - a downward movement of rock debris, usually the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated material
• soil creep landslide

  
• slumping landslide

  
• debris flow landslide

  
• rock fall landslide

  
• debris flow landslide - happens when the slope becomes saturated with water, this then triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and soil that slides down the slope.
• rock fall landslide - sudden slides caused by heavy rain the rock on the slope loosens and then slides down the slope
• A sinkhole is a topographic depression created when groundwater dissolves the underlying limestone bedrock
• sinkhole - Often known as "sink" or "doline,"
• types of sinkhole

  1. cover collapse sinkhole
  2. cover subsidence sinkhole
  3. dissolution sinkhole
  4. artificial sinkhole
• Cover Collapse Sinkhole -It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus, causing catastrophic damage.
• Cover Subsidence Sinkhole - It gradually grows where the sediment covers are permeable and contain sand.  
• Dissolution Sinkhole - It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on the ground or where thin layers of soil and permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or dolomite dissolution is most intense when the water first reaches the rock surface.  
• Artificial Sinkhole - Such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities, including groundwater pumping and building
• Hydrometeorological hazards include:

  1. Typhoon

  2. Thunderstorm

  3. Flood

  4. Flashflood

  5. Storm Surge

  6. El Niño

  7. La Niña
•  HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL - is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.  
• Tropical cyclone - an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration - (PAGASA)
• WEATHER FORECAST is a scientific estimate of future weather condition, wherein a weather condition is a state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant variables
• Weather forecasting is done by a Meteorologist; he/she must know about the existing weather condition over a large area
• Weather Map - The accuracy of forecast decision is based on forecasting tools
• Weather Map - displays the air pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity distribution trends at various atmospheric rates.
• two forms of weather maps:

  1. surface map
  2. upper-air maps
• 5 steps of weather forecasting

  1. observation
  2. collecting and transmission of weather data
  3. plotting of weather data
  4. analysis of weather maps, satellites, and radar imageries and others
  5. formulation of the forecast
• different weather charts:

  1. surface chart
  2. upper air chart
  3. numerical weather prediction model output
  4. monitor weather charts
• surface chart - where data plotted on this weather map are analyzed isobarically
• upper air charts - data plotted on this weather map are analyzed using streamline analysis
• numerical weather prediction model output - the computer-plotted weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones are located
• monitor weather chart - plotted cross-section data, rainfall charts and 24 hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine wind wave movement, rainfall distribution and atmospheric pressure behavior
• thunderstorm - This is a powerful, short-lived weather disturbance, almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and fast, roaring winds.
• thunderstorm - occur when layers of dry, moist air rise to cooler regions of the atmosphere in a broad, rapid updraft.
• 3 stages of thunderstorm:

  1. cumulus stage
  2. mature stage
  3. dissipating stage
• cumulus stage - where the sun heats the Earth's surface during the day and warms the air around it
• mature stage - a cumulus cloud becomes very large, where the water therein becomes large and heavy, and raindrops begin to fall through the cloud when the rising air can no longer hold them up
• dissipating stage - after 30 minutes, thunderstorm begins to dissipate, this occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to dominate over the updraft. Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form
• Flood is a high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain.