Optics

• The vibrating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other to make up an electromagnetic wave, which emanates (moves outward) from the vibrating charge.
• Moreover, electromagnetic waves are transverse waves because the oscillation of both fields is perpendicular to the direction where the wave travels.
• In vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at 300,000,000 m/s, called the speed of light (c).
• The speed of electromagnetic wave in matter, on the other hand, depends on the material through which the wave travels.
• The classification of electromagnetic waves according to their frequency is the electromagnetic spectrum.
• the regions are as follows: radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays.
• RADIOWAVES - They have long wavelengths but low frequencies and energies. Radio waves have many uses, including communications and medical imaging.
• MICROWAVES: With frequencies higher that radio waves extend from 10^9 − 10^12 Hz. They are widely used for communications, as well.
• INFRARED WAVES - (IR) is a type of radiant energy that's invisible to human eyes but that we can feel as heat but two of the most obvious sources are the sun and fire
• VISIBLE LIGHT - It is the only range of EM waves that you can detect with your eyes.
• ULTRAVIOLET WAVES Its frequency range is from 7.5 x 10^14 to 10^18 hertz, used for investigation purposes, sterilization, and in many fields such as metallurgy, medicine, MICROWAVES and computing.
• X-RAYS : They extend from about 10^16 10^20 Hz, allowing them to travel much greater distances through most types of matter.
• GAMMA RAYS The highest frequency EM waves are gamma rays that range from about 3 x 10^19 Hz to beyond 10^23 Hz.
• In between infrared rays and ultraviolet rays, visible light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can perceive.
• White light is the combination of equal amounts of all frequencies of light
• When it undergoes dispersion, just like in rainbow formation, white light is separated into its component colors.
• Reflection is the bouncing of light waves from the surface
• This type of reflection that occurs in very smooth, and shiny surfaces is called specular reflection
• This type of reflection that occurs in very smooth, and shiny surfaces is called specular reflection
• The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence
• the angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection.
• an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the mirror and touching it at the point where the incident ray strikes it. This line is called the normal.
• Refraction is caused by a change in the speed of a wave when it passes from one material to another.
• LAW OF REFRACTION (SNELL’S LAW) - A light ray is bent toward the normal when it enters a transparent medium in which light travels more slowly. It is bent away from the normal when it enters a medium in which light travels faster.