PR1

• Qualitative research


  Aims to understand the meaning and interpretation of experiences, rather than gathering numerical data or examining cause-and-effect relationships
• Ethnographic research design


  • Involves immersing oneself in the cultural context to gain an in-depth understanding of the participants' experiences, beliefs, and practices
• Case study design


  • Suitable for an in-depth exploration of a specific phenomenon or situation
• Narrative research design


  • Focuses on collecting and analyzing individuals' stories and personal experiences
• Grounded Theory


  • A research design that involves generating theories or hypotheses from the data gathered, commonly used when exploring new or emerging phenomena
• Phenomenological design


  • A qualitative research approach that aims to understand and describe the lived experiences of individuals or groups
• Convenience sampling


  • Involves selecting participants who are readily available or easy to contact, which can be a convenient and accessible sampling method
• Purposive sampling


  • Involves deliberately selecting participants who possess the characteristics or experiences relevant to the research objectives
• Criterion sampling


  • Involves selecting participants based on specific criteria or characteristics related to the research objectives
• Snowball sampling


  • The sampling technique that uses the referral method, where existing participants refer other potential participants for inclusion in the study
• Critical case sampling


  • Involves selecting specific cases that are considered critical or important for the study's purpose
• Qualitative research methods


  • Interviews, observations, and focus groups
• Thematic analysis


  A widely used approach in qualitative research that involves identifying patterns, themes, or categories in the data
• Themes


  Generated when similar issues and ideas expressed by participants within qualitative data are brought together by the researcher into a single category or cluster
• Observation in qualitative research


  • Involves systematically watching and recording behaviors in a naturalistic setting, with the researcher striving for active engagement and immersion in the setting
• Focus group discussions


  • Particularly useful for generating group dynamics and interactions, with a moderator facilitating a group conversation among participants
• A potential limitation of focus group discussions is the limited time for in-depth exploration
• Generating statistical summaries is not typically part of thematic analysis, as qualitative research focuses on textual data rather than numerical analysis
• Trustworthiness in qualitative research


  • Established through transparency and coherence of the research process
• Member checking


  • Involves validating the findings and interpretations with participants themselves
• Researcher participation in qualitative research


  • Researchers actively participate in the observed setting, immersing themselves in the environment under study
• Interviews in qualitative research


  • Provide in-depth insights and rich descriptions from participants, allowing researchers to gather detailed and nuanced information about participants' experiences, perspectives, and opinions
• Triangulation in qualitative research

  • Involves collecting data from multiple sources or methods
• Saturation


  The point at which no further data collection is necessary
• Anonymity and confidentiality for participants


  • Guaranteed to protect their privacy
• Trustworthiness in qualitative research


  Refers to the credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of the study
• Interviewer's role in qualitative interviews


  • To facilitate open-ended discussions
• Participant observation


  • Provides access to rich and detailed information, as researchers gain firsthand experience and understanding of the participants' perspectives, behaviors, and interactions
• Transcription


  The process of converting spoken language from interviews or discussions into written text
• Presenting findings in qualitative research


  • Organizing both summary and synthesis often combined with conceptual categories, drafting the results section using the findings and organized figures, and designing figures and tables to present and illustrate the data
• Purpose of writing findings in qualitative research


  To report and interpret the data collected
• Primary goal of presenting findings in qualitative research


  To provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under study
• Tone of the findings section in qualitative research


  Reflective and interpretive
• Conclusions in qualitative research


  Typically drawn based on patterns and themes identified in the data, often limited to the specific participants and context of the study
• Considerations when drawing conclusions in qualitative research


  • Identifying alternative explanations or rival interpretations, and the role of researcher interpretation varies
• Enhancing trustworthiness or credibility of conclusions in qualitative research


  • Ensuring transparency and coherence in the research process
• Purpose of including recommendations in qualitative research


  To propose future research directions
• Focus of recommendations in qualitative research


  • Offering specific actions based on the study's findings, considering theoretical frameworks, existing literature, practical implications, participants' experiences, and relevant individuals or organizations impacted by the research topic
• Methodology


  Systematic approach frames used by researchers to pursue scientific inquiry, investigations or studies
• The least important of research methodology is depreciate life lessons and knowledge