science

• What is a trait? A trait is an observable characteristic that is inherited (passed down) from a living thing to its offspring.
• How are traits passed down? Trait information is located within an organism's genes.

  Genes are a section of DNA that is passed from parent to child.
• How are traits passed down? Genes (carrying trait information) are passed to their offspring during reproduction.
• Reproduction is the process of how living things produce offspring (babies). there are two main reproductive methods, asexual and sexual.
• sexual ::Offspring inherit half of their trait information from one parent, and half from the other, making the offspring genetically distinct.
• asexual ::Reproduction only requires one parent. Trait information from the parent is passed down to the offspring. The offspring is therefore an exact copy of the parent.
• Trait variation is the natural differences in traits (observable characteristics and qualities) between individuals of the same species.
• Trait differences between members of the same species occurs in two main ways: genetic variation and environmental variation
• genetic variation ::In sexual reproduction, half of a mother's and half of a father's genes are passed down to their offspring. The genes that are passed down to individual offspring will vary. This means that members of the same species will look similar, but may have some differences between individuals
• environmental variation ::Environmental factors can influence the expression of traits. For example: Climate and weather: rain, temperature
• Trait variation helps a species to adapt to changes in their environment. Thanks to trait variation, some individuals may have traits that help them better survive and reproduce in a changing environment.
• alleles :: different flavors of genes : dominant allele [B] and recessive allele [b]
• genotype :: homozygous dominant [BB] heterozygous [Bb] and homozygous recessive [bb]
• phenotype :: associated with the physical appearance that relates to those traits
• genetic code :: is a language that DNA uses to give instructions to the cell
• four chemical units called nucleotides
• adenine pairs with tgymine and guanine pairs with cytosine
• amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
• transcription is when dna makes rna
• RNA stands for ribonucleic acid
• a gene is a section of dna that codes for one or more polypeptide chains
• Cell Membrane: The skin that holds everything inside the cell, like a bag.
• Cytoplasm: The gooey jelly that fills the cell, like the water in a swimming pool.
• Nucleus: The boss or brain of the cell that controls everything, like the captain of a team.
• nucleolus: is a small structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. Its main job is to make ribosomes, which are essential for building proteins.
• Mitochondria: The power plants of the cell that make energy, like little batteries.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The cell's factory that makes stuff, like a toy factory.
• Golgi Apparatus: The packaging and shipping department that sends things where they need to go, like a post office.
• Ribosomes: Tiny factories that make proteins, like chefs cooking in a kitchen.
• 1. Lysosomes: The cell's cleanup crew that gets rid of garbage, like garbage trucks.
• 1. Centrioles: The organizers that help the cell divide, like referees in a game making sure everyone plays fair.
• Vacuoles: Vacuoles are like storage rooms.
• Chloroplasts: If our city is a plant city, then chloroplasts are like special factories that use sunlight to make food for the city through a process called photosynthesis.
• 1. Cytoskeleton: Imagine this as the city's scaffolding or skeleton. It gives the city its shape and structure, and helps things move around smoothly.
• 1. Cell Wall (in plant cells): This is like an extra tough outer layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells. It provides extra support and protection, kind of like a sturdy fence around a house.
• Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells, each with the potential to grow, develop, and carry out specific functions.
• Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of division is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single-celled organisms.
• Meiosis is the process by which a single cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the production of gametes.
• Meiosis is the process by which a single cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the production of gametes.