matter

• Matter


  Something that has mass and occupies space
• what are solids, liquids and gases?

  States of matter made up of microscopic particles called molecules which are tightly, loosely and very loosely packed, respectively
• Kinetic Theory of Matter


  A theory that describes how matter changes throughout time
• Properties of matter according to Kinetic Theory


  • All matter is made up of tiny particles
  • There is space between these particles
  • The particles are in constant motion
  • The particles are attracted to one another
• Translatory motion


  Particles move in straight lines and change direction without losing energy after interacting with another particle or the container's wall
• Rotational motion


  Particles travel about their own axis
• Vibrational motion


  Particles move back and forth around a central point
• Diffusion


  The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance due to the movement or motion of its particles
• Diffusion in gases


  • Smell of food reaching us from a distance
  • Scent of perfume spreading in a room
• Diffusion in liquids


  • Potassium permanganate crystal dissolving in water
  • Ink drop spreading in water
• Gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen are necessary for aquatic plants and animals to survive through diffusion
• Solid-state diffusion is an extremely slow process
• Force of attraction (or cohesion)

  The attraction between particles of the same substance
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
• Solids


  • Have a definite volume and shape
  • Are more difficult to break than liquids and gases
• Liquids


  • Have a specific volume but not a specific shape
  • Take on the shape of the container they're housed in
• Gases


  • Do not have a defined shape or volume
  • Take up all of the available space and take on the shape of the container in which they are kept
• Rigid


  Unbending or inflexible
• Fluid


  Material that flows easily and requires a container to keep it contained
• Solids have a tendency to keep their shape when subjected to external force due to their rigidity
• Solid


  A state of matter with fixed shape and fixed volume
• Liquid


  A state of matter with no fixed shape but fixed volume
• Gas


  A state of matter with no fixed shape and no fixed volume
• Water is a liquid at room temperature
• An iron almirah is solid
• Wood


  • Has fixed shape
  • Has fixed volume
• Fluid


  Material that flows easily and requires a container
• Solid


  • Unyielding
  • Keeps its shape when subjected to external force due to rigidity
• Common solids


  • Brick
  • Log of wood
• Liquid


  Fluid type of matter that fills the lower half of a container
• Common liquids


  • Water
  • Milk
• Gas


  Form of matter that fills the entire container it is in
• Gases must be stored in airtight containers as they will escape from open containers
• Fluids include both liquids and gases
• Fluidity is a property of liquids and gases that allows them to flow smoothly
• Liquids and gases change shape quickly when exposed to external stress due to their fluidity
• Ether and alcohol are rigid forms of matter
• Interconversion of states of matter


  1. Melting (solid to liquid)

  2. Solidification (liquid to solid)

  3. Vaporization (liquid to gas)

  4. Condensation (gas to liquid)

  5. Sublimation (solid to gas)
• Increasing pressure on a gas will not change its physical state, but will bring the particles closer together causing liquefaction
• Vaporization is promoted by lowering pressure over a liquid's surface