3. Volcanic Eruptions & Safety and Protocol

• VOLCANO - can be found across the world through countless are are on the ocean floor ; most are located where tectonic plates meet.

  1. outer core transfers its heat to the surrounding rocky mantle
  2. the heat melts some of the rock
  3. molten rock / magma is lighter than the surrounding solid rock layer so it rises through the mantle
  4. the magma escapes through vents in the Earth's crust
  5. magma turns into lava above the ground
• PYROCLASTIC FLOW - volcanoes may also erupt with extreme hot gas formed in the mantle.
• VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX (VEI) - measures and classifies volcanic eruptions ; considers various factors.
• MOUNT TAMBORA (1815) - occurred in Indonesia ; most destructive volcanic eruption.
• CRATER - circular hole at the top of a volcano
• VENT - any opening out of which molten rock and gases can leave a volcano
• MAGMA CHAMBER - large, underground pool of molten rock beneath a volcano.
• VOLCANIC BOMS - violent eruptions can sometimes throw these large chunks of rock or lava several meters into the air
• CONDUIT - main passage through which magma rises to reach the surface
• FUMAROLES - only gases such as steam and sulfur dioxide exit these holes, which are near volcanoes
• TEPHRA - small, ejected fragments of rock that fall after an eruption
• TYPES OF VOLCANO:

  1. STRATOVOLCANO - often appears as tall, steep, and cone-like mountain
  2. SHIELD VOLCANO - flatter and dome shaped ; often very large and have gentle slopes
  3. CALDERA - large depressions in the ground
  4. MID-OCEAN RIDGES - underwater chains of volcanic mountains
  5. CINDER CONE - cover in scoria ; smallest and most common type
• CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES:

  1. Active Volcano - recent history of eruption and can still erupt anytime
  2. Dormant Volcano - erupted a very long time ago but can still erupt anytime
  3. Extinct Volcano - no signs of activity and will never erupt again in the future
• LAVA FLOW - move slowly enough to outrun them, but will destroy everything in their path
• DOME GROWTH - continuous dome expansion via (1) addition of new magma, (2) relatively instantaneous talus readjustments, (3) disintegration of the solid surface
• PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND SURGE - volcanic phenomena that involve high-density mixtures of hot, fragmented solids and expanding gases
• BALLISTIC PROJECTILE - fragments of solid (blocks) or fluid (bombs) material ejected during the rangle of magmatic or phreatic (steam) explosive eruptions
• VOLCANIC GASES - is dangerous due to their toxicity, heat, and potential to cause respiratory problems and acid rain
• LAHAR - are mudflows created when water (from rain or meltwater from glaciers) and volcanic ash mix
• VOLCANIC SAFETY AND PROTOCOL

  Before:

  1. Plan to stay connected
  2. Plan to stay safe
  3. Gather emergency supplies

  During:

  1. Stay informed

  After:

  1. Prevent injuries
  2. Protect your health
  3. Take care of yourself