Final STS

• Propaganda


  adopted by governments, corporations, and non-profit to manage attitudes values and knowledge appeals to emotion can be beneficial or harmful
• Clickbait


  eye catching, sensational headlines to distract often misleading and content may not reflect content drives ad revenue
• Sponsored Content


  advertising made it look like editorial

  potential conflict of interest for genuine new organizations

  consumers might not identify content as advertising if it is not clearly labeled
• Satire and Hoax


  social commentary or humor

  varies widely in quality and intended meaning may not be apparent

  can embarrass people who confuse the content as true
• Error


  established news organizations sometimes make mistakes

  mistakes can hurt the brand, offered or result litigation

  reputable orgs publish apologies
• Partisan


  ideological and includes interpretation of facts but may claim to be impartial

  privileges facts that conform to the narrative whilst forgoing others

  emotional and passionate language
• Conspiracy Theory


  tries to explain simply complex realities as response to fear or uncertainty

  not falsifiable and evidence that refutes the conspiracy is regarded as further proof of the conspiracy

  rejects experts and authority
• Pseudoscience


  purveyors of greenwashing, miracle cures, anti-vaccination and climate change denial

  misrepresents real scientific studies with exaggerated or false claims

  often contradicts experts
• Misinformation


  includes a mix of factual, false or partly-false content

  intention can be to inform but author may not be aware the content is false

  false attributions, doctored content, and misleading headlines
• Bogus


  entirely fabricated content spread intentionally to disinform

  guerilla marketing tactics; bots, comments, and counterfeit branding

  motivated by ad revenue, political influence or both
• Satire


  typically uses humor or exaggeration to prevent audiences with news update
• Parody


  plays on vague plausibility of the news item3
• Wildlife


  Organisms living in a natural environment
• Species


  One of the most fundamental units in biology. A basic populational and evolutionary unit
• Ecosystem


  A geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts
• Genes


  The functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits
• Biodiversity


  The variety and variability of species of their population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which influences perform
• Levels of biodiversity

  • Genetic diversity
  • Species diversity
  • Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity


  The variation of genes within the species. This constitutes distinct population of the same species or genetic variation within population or varieties within a species
• Species diversity


  The variety of species within a region. Such diversity could be measured on the basis of number of species in a region
• Ecosystem diversity


  The intricate network of different species present in local ecosystem and the dynamic interplay between them
• Latitudinal gradient


  Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles. Tropics (latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S) harbor more species than temperate or polar areas
• Species-area relationships


  Within a region, species richness increases with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit. The slope of the line is much steeper (Z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2) when analyzing the species-area relationships among very large areas like the entire continents
• Endangered


  Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely, the causal factors continue operation. The taxa whose number have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are seemed to be in immediate danger of extinction
• Vulnerable


  Taxa likely to move into endangered category in near future, if the causal factors continue operating. Included taxa of which most or all the population are decreasing because of over exploitation, extensive destruction of habitats or other environmental disturbances
• Rare


  Taxa with small world population that are not at present endangered or vulnerable but are at risk. These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitat or are thinly scattered over more extensive range
• Threatened


  The term used in conservation for species which fall in one of the endangered, vulnerable or rare categories
• Reasons to conserve biodiversity


  • Narrowly utilitarian (economic benefits from nature)
  • Ethical argument (what we owe to other species)
  • Broadly utilitarian (ecosystem services provided by biodiversity)
• Biodiversity conservation methods

  • In-situ conservation (biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred forests)
  • Ex-situ conservation (zoos, seed/pollen banks, gene banks, tissue culture, botanical gardens)
• Categories of Biodiversity Threat

  Endangered

  Vulnerable

  Rare

  Threatened
• Endangered


  The taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely, the causal factors continue operation. The taxa whose number have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are seemed to be in immediate danger of extinction (e.g.) Philippine freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)
• Vulnerable


  Taxa likely to move into endangered category in near future, if the causal factors continue operating included taxa of which most or all the population are decreasing because of over exploitation, extensive destruction of habitats or other environmental disturbances. e.g. Philippine porcupine (Hystrix pumila)
• Rare


  Taxa with small world population that are not at present endangered or

  vulnerable but are at risk. These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitat or are thinly scattered over more extensive range (e.g.) Rauvolfia serpentina
• Threatened


  used in the conservation for species which fall in one of the above three categories
• Mt. Makiling


  contains more tree species than the whole continental United States.
• Loss of Biodiversity

  Habit loss and fragmentation

  Alien-Species Invasion

  Overexploitation

  Co-extinctions
• Threats to Biodiversity

  Development Pressure

  Exploitation

  Encroachment

  Human-Induced Disaster

  Management of Natural Resources

  Management of Human Resources

  Political and Policy Issue
• It has been estimated that 50,000 endemic plants, which comprise 20% of global plant life, probably occur in only 18 ‘hot spots’ in the world. Countries have a relatively large proportion of these biodiversity hotspots are referred as ‘megadiversity nations’
• Megadiverse Region

  Australia

  Brazil

  China

  Columbia

  Democratic Republic of the Congo

  Ecuador

  India

  Indonesia

  Madagascar

  Malaysia

  Mexico

  Papua New Guinea

  Peru

  The Philippines

  South Africa

  United State of America

  Venezuela
• Philippine Eagle


  world's largest eagle