SQ2: Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasmosis

• The infective stage of Plasmodium is (are) the sporozoites.
• The best time to collect blood for Plasmodium parasites is between paroxysms.
• A paroxysm is an allergic reaction and a periodic episode characterized by fever, chills, sweats, and fatigue.
• Schüffner’s dots is a morphologic characteristic that may help in distinguishing p. vivac from p. falciparum.
• P. vivax characteristically invades immature RBCs
• Chloroquine is considered an antimalarial medication.
• Ziemann's dots are the morphologic features of p. malariae.
• The following are prevention and control measure for malaria: following prophylactic therapy when traveling to malaria-endemic areas, bed netting, and long-sleeved clothing.
• P. falciparum typically invade all RBCs, regardless of age.
• Black water fever can be described by marked hemoglobinuria, kidney involvement in p. falciparum infections, and caused by p. falciparum-induced RBC destruction.
• Anopheles is the species of mosquito most commonly known to serve as a vector for the genus Plasmodium.
• Plasmodium ovale is characterized by a rosette arrangement of merozoites and the presence of Schüffner’s dots in the red blood cells.
• Human infection of Toxoplasma is initiated in all the following ways: ingestion of contaminated undercooked meat from cattle, pigs, or sheep, transplacental infection, and transfusion of contaminated blood.
• The correct order of events of the P. falciparum life cycle is mosquito, human liver, human blood mosquito.
• Sporozoites is the plasmodium stage in its life cycle that infect liver cells.
• P. falciparum is the most dangerous out of the spp. of Plasmodium
• P. vivax and P. ovale : Benign tertian malaria; P. malariae: Quartan malaria; P. falciparum: Malignant tertian malaria
• 6 morphologic forms in the erythrocytic stage in order: Ring forms (early trophozoites), developing trophozoites, immature schizonts, mature schizonts, microgametocytes, macrogametocyctes.
• Enumerate the 5  species of Plasmodium known to be of concern regarding transmission to humans: plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malaria, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium knowlesi