2. Matter and Its Properties

• MATTER - anything that occupies space and has mass
• Light, Gravity, and Sound exist in our universe but it does not contain any mass and occupies space
• MASS - amount of matter in an object measured with balance

  WEIGHT - changes because it is affected by gravity
• VOLUME - amount of space an object takes up ; measured with a ruler or graduated cylinder
• DENSITY - measure of how tightly packed atoms are within the substance ; ratio of mass and volume ; higher = heavier
• STATES OF MATTER

  1. Solid - joined together without any space ; high FoA ; does not flow but can be separated when heat is applied ; moves through vibration
  2. Liquid - flowing tiny molecules ; slides with each other ; has a definite volume but does not have definite shape ; moderate FoA
  3. Gas - molecules are apart ; does not have definite volume and shape ; low FoA
  4. Plasma - uncommon (earth) ; ionized gas ; can be found in stars, lightnings, and auroras
• PHASE CHANGES - affected by temperature
• KINETIC ENERGY - enables molecules to move ; high KE = low FoA
• INTERMOLECULAR FORCES SOLID

  • dipole-dipole forces
  • ion-dipole forces
  • dispersion forces
  • hydrogen bonds
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - measured or observed without changing the identity of material
• PHYSICAL CHANGE - matter changes form but not chemical identity
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - observed only after chemical change occurs
• CHEMICAL CHANGE - chemical reaction occurs and new products are formed
• PHYSICAL CHANGES

  1. Melting - solid to liquid
  2. Freezing - liquid to solid
  3. Boiling - liquid to gas
  4. Condensation - gas to liquid
  5. Sublimation - solid to gas
  6. Deposition - gas to solid
• It is intensive property when a property depends on the amount of substance. TRUE OR FALSE?

  FALSE
• EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES - depend on how much matter a sample contains
• INTENSIVE PROPERTIES - does not depend on the amount of matter
• Atom > Molecule > Compound > Mixture
• ELEMENT - substance made up of only one type of atom
• COMPOUND - made up of more than one type of atom that are bonded together covalently or ionic
• MIXTURE - combination of two or more substances ; does not combine chemically, remained as individual substances

  • Heterogenous - consist of visibly different substances or phases
  • Homogenous - same uniform appearance and composition
• SOLUTION - mixture of two or more substances that is identical throughout ; composed of solutes and solvents
• SUSPENSION - heterogenous mixture in which the solid particles do not dissolve
• SOLUTE - substance being dissolved
• SOLVENT - dissolved in the solute
• SOLUBLE - dissolves in the water to a significant extent
• INSOLUBLE - does not dissolve in the water to a significant extent
• MISCIBLE LIQUIDS - dissolve in one another
• IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS - not soluble in each other
• EVAPORATION - separate homogenous mixtures with one or more dissolved solids
• CENTRIFUGATION - mixture is spun at a very high speed
• SEPARATING FUNNEL - used to separate the immiscible liquids of different densities
• SUBLIMATION - transforming a substance from a solid state directly to a gaseous state
• CHROMATOGRAPHY - a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.
• DISTILLATION - separating mixtures of two or more miscible liquids through the process of boiling/heating
• FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION - separates liquids from each other
• CRYSTALLIZATION - solute particles from a supersaturated solution precipitate to form crystals
• MAGNETIC ATTRACTION -separates magnetic materials from non magnetic materials
• FILTRATION - separates solids from liquids
• SOLVENT EXTRACTION - separates a component from a mixture with a suitable solvent

  • WATER dissolves some salts, sugar
  • WHITE SPIRIT dissolves paint
  • PROPANONE dissolves grease, nail polish
  • ETHANOL dissolves glues ,printing inks, scented substances