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• Tempo


  The way music is performed, which may be fast or slow
• Musical tempo

  Usually indicated in Italian words called tempo markings, written above the staff at the start of a musical piece
• Texture


  The layers of sound or lines made by the different instruments or voices that one hears when listening to music
• Texture of music

  • Describes how a piece sounds in relation to its melody and harmony
  • Depends heavily on the type of instruments involved, what type of ensemble is performing the music, and how the instruments are performing in each section
• Vocal singing with closed harmonies

  • Can be described as having a tight texture
• Directions of musical texture


  • Similar motion - two melodic lines moving in the same direction but the intervals between the melodies may be different
  • Parallel motion - two melodic lines moving in the same direction with similar intervals between the melodies
  • Contrary motion - one melodic line goes up and the other goes down
• Types of melodic texture


  • Monophony - one melodic line with no harmony or accompaniment
  • Homophony - melody with accompaniment
  • Polyphony - more than one melody performed at the same time that develops harmony and rhythm
• Dominant

  Scale degree 5
• Scale degree names

  • Tonic
  • Medium
  • Supersonic
  • Dominant
  • Subdominant
• Harmony is the resulting sound when you hear, play, or sing more than one pitch or note at the same time
• Interval

  Two notes
• Chord

  Three or more notes
• Scale degree

  The position of the notes on a scale, with the first note being the tonic
• Scale degree names

  • Tonic
  • Supertonic
  • Mediant
  • Subdominant
  • Dominant
  • Submediant
  • Leading note
• Triad


  A group of three notes - the first, third, and fifth note or degree of any given scale, that are sounded together
• Knowing the degrees of the scale is useful in finding out if the intervals and chords are in a major or minor key
• Major chords

  • Tonic (I)
  • Subdominant (IV)
  • Dominant (V)
• Tonic chord

  The first degree in a scale, symbolized with the Roman numeral I, known as the home key on which a song begins and ends
• The use of constructional techniques to produce sculptures is gaining popularity recently
• Types of sculptures


  • Relief
  • Freestanding sculpture
  • Kinetic sculpture
  • Assemblage sculpture
• Relief sculpture


  Sculptures that extend from a plane or flat surface, usually carved into the sides of buildings
• Freestanding sculpture


  Also known as "sculpture in the round", not attached to any other surface and can be viewed from any angle
• Kinetic sculpture


  A freestanding sculpture that moves, either by mechanical power or with the power of wind or water
• Assemblage sculpture


  Sculpture placed together from found or scavenged items that have little or no relationship to one another
• A mobile is a simple sculpture that can be made using formed or ordinary objects made or found around the house
• Mobile


  A type of kinetic sculpture consisting of a number of rods from which weighted objects or further rods hang, balancing each other so the rods remain horizontal
• Papier-mâché


  Made of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes incorporating fabrics, attached together using glue, starch, or wallpaper paste
• Taka


  Filipino folk art famous in Paete, Laguna, using a carved wooden sculpture as a mold and brown craft paper as a final layer
• There are different kinds of common injuries that require immediate medical attention
• Types of injuries


  • Wounds
  • Nosebleeding
  • Insect bite
  • Animal bite
  • Burns
  • Food poisoning
  • Fainting
  • Musculoskeletal injuries
• Classes of wounds


  • Open wounds
  • Closed wounds
• Open wounds


  Any break in the skin where blood and other fluid may come out, allowing germs and bacteria to enter
• Closed wounds


  Wounds where blood does not escape the body but is inside the circulatory system, also known as internal bleeding
• Closed wound types


  • Hematomas
  • Crush injury
• The overall treatment for wounds depends on the type, cause, and depth of the wound, and whether other structures beyond the skin are damaged
• Minor wounds like bruises heal on their own with skin discoloration usually disappearing in one to two weeks
• Abrasions, which are wounds with intact skin, usually require no active treatment beyond cleaning the affected area with soap and water
• Punctured wounds may be prone to infection depending on the depth of penetration, and any object that penetrates the skin must be removed from the inside
• Nosebleeds are common because the nose has a lot of blood vessels
• First aid treatment for nosebleeding


  1. Have the person sit upright

  2. Hold the soft portion of the person's nose and pinch together

  3. Avoid disturbing the clots

  4. Take the casualty to the nearest hospital if bleeding persists after 30 minutes