LECTURE 6: Animal Movement

• Movement is the key characteristic in animals
• Movement is the act of changing location or position
• Movement can be molecular, cellular, tissue or organic level.
• There are 2 types of movement muscular and non muscular movement.
• Types of non muscular movement are amoeboid, ciliary and flagellar movement.
• Amoeboid movement can be seen in some type of protozoans
• Amoeboid movement in protozoans use pseudopodia or false feet that do cytoplasmic projection by streaming of cytoplasm.
• Naegleria fowleri also known as brain eating amoeba.
• Naegleria fowleri reaches the brain via amoeboid movement when contaminated water enters nasal cavity.
• In animals, leukocytes moves by amoeboid movement.
• Leukocytes responds to chemicals released from the site of infection/ tissue energy known as "chemotaxis".
• Diapedesis is the movement in and out of blood vessel wall.
• Monocyte turns into macrophage outside of blood vessels.
• Macrophage can move about tissue spaces.
• Macrophage goes into a process called phagocytosis when encountering a pathogen like bacteria where it extends portion of cytoplasm around the bacterium to enclose it in a vacuole called phagosome for digestion.
• A non muscular movement that uses cilia to move an entire cell or substance along the outer surface of the cell is Ciliary Movement.
• Cilia is a hair like structure.
• Each cilium has a microtubule backbone.
• Cilium has a 9+2 architecture. 9 outer microtubules and one pair of central microtubules.
• Cilium movement in protozoan is used for fluid movement.
• Ciliary movement in invertebrates, such as the gill filaments of mollusca have cilia used to drive water through the mantle cavity or to clean gills.
• Ciliary movement in invertebrates, such as echinoderms uses cilia at inner surface of their tube feet for circulation of water.
• Ciliary Movement in Vertebrates, such as the segment of respiratory tract, Mucociliary clearance is ciliates for transport.
• Ciliary movement in vertebrates, can be seen in lining of inner wall of fallopian tube which is ciliated to move the egg cell or ovum along its length.
• Non muscular movement that uses flagellum is flagellar movement.
• Flagellum isi a whip like appendage for locomotion.
• Muscular movement is possible due to striated muscles/smooth muscle.
• Invertebrates has smooth muscle.
• Vertebrates have both striated and smooth muscles.
• Skeletal muscle is striated.
• Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones.
• Skeletal muscle has voluntary control thru somatic nervous system.
• Cardiac muscle is striated.
• Cardiac muscle is not attached to bone.
• Cardiac muscle has involuntary control thru sinoatrial node or cardiac pacemaker and autonomic nervous system.
• Cardiac muscle is found in heart's myocardium.
• Smooth muscle is not striated.
• Smooth muscle is also not attached to the bone.
• Smooth muscle has involuntary control through ANS.
• Smooth muscle is found in blood vessels and hollow organs.