Module 2

• What are the types of organisms

  • Unicellular
  • Colonial
  • Multicellular
• What is the definition of Unicellular?


  Single-cell
• What is the definition of Colonial


  Single-cell working together
• What is the definition of Multicellular?


  An organism made up of many cells
• Features of Unicellular

  • Either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
  • Exposed to the external environment
  • Rely on diffusion to obtain nutrients
• Features of Colonial

  • Capable of carrying out each function necessary for life
  • Rely on diffusion to obtain nutrients
  • Specialised functions
• Features of Multicellular

  • Cannot live independently
  • "Specialised cells" have a particular function
  • Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Multicellular Organism
• Examples of Specialised Cells

  • Skin cells
  • Muscles
  • Nerves
  • Red blood
  • White blood
• Mitosis & Cell Division

  • Identical copies of the original cell
  • Same genetic information BUT specific cell type
• Connective tissues help provide structure, support, defence and transport.
• Connective Tissues are loose or fibrous (e.g. tendons)
• Epithelial tissues give protection, secretion and absorption
• Epithelial tissues are squamous (e.g. lungs), cuboidal, columnar (e.g. digestive)
• What do nerve tissues do?


  Neurones for communication
• Muscle => Movement, posture, heat
• Examples of muscles

  • Smooth (e.g. veins)
  • Cardiac (e.g. in heart)
  • Skeletal (e.g. bicep)
• What is a Shoot System?

  • Supports the plant
  • Enables transport of substance
  • Exchange gases and carrier out photosynthesis
• What is a Root System?

  • Absorbs water & nutrients
  • Water moves in osmosis
• What is a Unscular System?

  • Transport system
  • Made up of xylem & phloem vessels
• What is a Meristematic Tissue?


  • Cell divided to produce new growth
  • Cell differentiation
  • Tips of roots & shoots
• What is a Dermal Tissue?


  • Protect plant tissue and control interactions
  • Outer layer of plant
• What is a Vascular Tissue?


  • Transport of substance around the plant
  • Found in roots, stems and leaves
• What is a Growth Tissue?


  • Variety of cell types
  • Mainly for photosynthesis
  • Found in roots, stem and leaf
• What is a Guard Cells?

  • Turgid = stoma open (night time or colder temp)
  • Flaccid = stoma closed
• Structure and Function of Autotroph

  • Vascular plants - most green plants
  • Not vascular plants - mosses and liverworts
  • Plant organ - leaves, stem, roots, flowers and seeds
  • Xylem - Transport water and water-soluble nutrients and minerals
  • Phloem - Transports sugar
• Stomata's are pores in the epidermis through oxygen and carbon dioxide can move in and out
• What do Stomata have?

  • 2 bean-shaped cells called guard cells
  • Guard cells contain chloroplast
• Lenticels are pores exchanged in woody parts of a plant
• Examples of lenticels

  • Trunks
  • Branches
  • Woody shrubs
• Gaseous exchange structure has a large surface area and is close to an effective transport system
• Respiratory share common characteristics to ensure efficient function
• Mammals maintain body temperature and don't rely on external temperature
• Mammals have their respiratory system internal
• Mammals have an alveolus structure that all mammals have