Module 1

• Network cards - give computers direct access to network media and enable them to connect to other equipment, including routers, switches, modems, and repeaters.
• Routers or switches - allow one network connection from a modem to be divided between several computers.
• Modem - is brief for "Modulator-Demodulator." It is a hardware component that permits a computer or another device, like a router or switch, to connect to the web
• Repeaters - refresh the network signal between coaxial cable segments, allowing Category 5 cables to succeed beyond their 300-foot maximum length without signal loss.
• Wired networks - will often use network cables like ethernet cables
• Wireless networks - make direct connections between devices using radio signals as the medium
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - is a popular communication protocol that is utilized for communicating over a network
• Internet Protocol (IP) - is intended explicitly as addressing protocol. It is mostly used with TCP. The IP addresses in packets help in transmitting them through different nodes in a network until it reaches the destination system. TCP/IP is the most preferred protocol connecting the networks
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - could be a substitute communication protocol to Transmission Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications.
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP) - is meant to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - allows users to transfer files from one machine to another. Kinds of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - is intended for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems. HTML tags are used for creating links.
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - is a standard protocol that secures communications among two computers one using the browser and the other fetching data from a web server. HTTP is used for transferring data between the client browser (request) and thus the webserver (response) within the hypertext format, same just in case of HTTPS except that the transferring of data is completed in an encrypted format
• LAN (local area network) - connect computers over a relatively short distance, allowing them to share data, files, and resources. For example, a LAN may connect all the computers in an office building, school, or hospital.
• WLAN (wireless local area network) - is just like a LAN but connections between devices on the network are made wirelessly.
• PAN (personal area network) - which serves one person. For example, if you have a mobile phone and a personal computer, it is very likely to set up a PAN that shares and syncs content—text messages, emails, photos, and more—across both devices.
• VPN (virtual private network) - is a secure, point-to-point connection between two network endpoints. A VPN establishes an encrypted channel that keeps a user’s identity and access credentials, as well as any data transferred, inaccessible to hackers.
• WAN (wide area network) - connects computers over a wide area, such as from region to region or even continent to continent. The internet is the largest WAN, connecting billions of computers worldwide. You will typically see collective or distributed ownership models for WAN management.
• hardware - This could be a machine that accepts data as input, processes the data and produces outputs as information.