Geography

• ENIVRONMENTAL Problem 1


  Vegetation in the National parks is eroded by the tyres of jeeps and trucks, damaging the ecosytem.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Problem 2


  Tourists often drop litter ruining the scenery/injuring wildlife.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Problem 3


  Wildlife is disturbed by the large numbers of jeeps getting too close to them, causing them distress and can stop them breeding.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Problem 4


  High visitor numbers can mean that wildlife becomes more 'tame' and used to humans which alters their behaviour and can damage their ability to hunt and protect themselves.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Problem 5

  Many areas in Kenya already face water shortages due to the climate or drought. High tourist numbers add to this pressure on an already scarce resource.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Problem 6


  Coral reefs along the coast have been damaged by tourist activities e.g. when boat anchors are dropped; when snorkelers stand on the coral.
• SOCIAL Problem 1


  Some tribespeople like the Maasai have been forced off the land they have lived on for generations to make way for National Parks to be created.
• SOCIAL Problem 2

  Tourist numbers can be unreliable - after the terrorist attacks in Kenya in 2013-2015 tourist arrivals in Kenya dropped by 25%. In turn, this makes people's livelihoods unreliable.
• SOCIAL Problem 3


  It is thought that 90% of tourists visit the south and east of Kenya - this can cause overcrowding in game parks and accommodation.
• SOCIAL Problem 4

  Many areas in Kenya are predominantly Muslim areas. The behaviour of tourists can be offensive to them, for example the drinking of alcohol or being scantily clad in bikinis.
• SOCIAL Problem 5

  Conflict between certain nomadic tribal groups has increased as their traditional land has been sold off to make way for hotels, causing increased competition for the land that is left.
• ECONOMIC Problem 1

  Money earned tends to go to big, foreign companies rather than to local Kenyan people. Only 15% of money earned goes to locals.
• ECONOMIC Problem 2


  The employment is often seasonal - during the dry season of June to October tourist numbers are high so there are many jobs, but in the winter, less tourists visit and so jobs are lost.
• ECONOMIC Problem 3


  Jobs provided only tend to be the most menial and poorly paid e.g. companies bring in most hotel staff from abroad and so the locals are left with jobs like waitressing and cleaning.
• ECONOMIC Problem 4


  Tourists often do not buy local food, preferring imported familiar food, so local producers do not make as much as hoped.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit 1


  Money earned from tourism has gone towards helping to create the 23 National Parks in Kenya, which protect land and wildlife.
• ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit 2


  Money raised from tourists paying to enter the parks goes towards their upkeep and for paying for guards to protect against poachers.
• SOCIAL Benefit 1


  New roads and facilities have been created for tourists to use and Kenyans have benefited from these improvements.
• SOCIAL Benefit 2


  The meeting of different cultures and western tourists can bring about deeper understanding of different ways of life and beliefs.
• SOCIAL Benefit 3


  Money earned from tourism can go towards improving healthcare e.g. training more doctors or improving education e.g. building schools, which increases local people's quality of life.
• SOCIAL Benefit 4


  Traditional cultures e.g. Maasai dances, can be preserved as tourists will pay money to experience it and it gives the tribes an additional source of income.
• ECONOMIC Benefit 1


  Tourism provides a major source of income to the Kenyan economy - 21% of all foreign exchange earnings. it is the second biggest earner after agriculture.
• ECONOMIC Benefit 2


  Over 1 million tourists visiting a year means that local people have a larger market for selling their goods and produce to.
• ECONOMIC Benefit 3


  Employment - 12% of all jobs in Kenya are related to the tourism industry.
• Primary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve growing/collecting/harvesting raw materials. E.g. farming, fishing, mining
• Secondary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve manufacturing goods by processing the raw materials into something else. E.g. car factory
• Tertiary Industry


  The jobs in a country that involve providing a service to people, e.g. Bank clerk, teacher, working in a shop
• Ecotourism


  A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. It both protects the environment and helps the local people.
• Development


  The processes of change whereby the standard of living in a country improves. It is measured using development indicators.
• GNP


  Gross National Product
• birth rate (development indicator)


  The number of live births per thousand of population per year. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• Energy consumption per person (development indicator)

  The average amount of fuel used by each person in a year. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• Maternal Mortality Rate (development indicator)

  Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• life expectancy (development indicator)


  The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• Adult literacy rate (development indicator)


  The percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write. This increases as a country becomes more developed.
• infant mortality rate (development indicator)


  The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country. This decreases as a country becomes more developed.
• Short term aid


  This is aid that only lasts for a short period of time - it is immediate aid e.g. after disasters
• Voluntary aid


  Aid is collected and given out by charities, or other non-governmental organisations (NGOs), not governments. Examples include Oxfam, WaterAid and ActionAid. Aid often goes directly to people running the aid projects.
• Bilateral aid

  Aid usually given directly from one country to another. It is usually TIED aid, which means that there are conditions attached about how it can be used, so it can also be called CONDITIONAL aid. It is the most common form of aid
• Multilateral aid


  Governments of countries give money or other forms of aid to large international organisations, such as the World Bank or the United Nations. These organisations then decide where to give the aid to. Often, the receiving country has to do what the organisation says before it can receive the money.