Germany - T3

Created by

Lara Holmes

Cards (49)

how many germans out of work when hitler came to power in
1933 over 6 mil
what was the national labour service (RAD)
scheme that made all men aged 18-25 serve 6 months working on public works projects or farms-> e.g. autobahn, planting forests, mending hedges
free meals and small wage BUT low pay, long hours and boring-> generally claimed negative impact
what were public work schemes
employed 100,000 men who built: -> schools, hospitals & the new autobahns (motorways - 3800 km by 1938), railway lines and even Olympic stadium(1936)
examples of invisible unemployment
- Jews forced out of jobs (not included in register)
-women pressurised into giving up jobs/dismissed
-those on RAD schemes weren't counted
-after 1935, increased conscription
-opponents sent to labour/concentration camps
who was hjalmar schacht
-Minister of the Economy and President of the Reichsbank
- short term: found ways of increasing employment and devoting money to rearmament
->signed deals with South America and Europe to supply raw materials (e.g. iron, steel, rubber, wood) for weapons

BUT still dependent on raw materials and slow
what was the 4 Year Plan
1936 - Herman Goering - still needed raw materials so tried to increase self-sufficiency ->targets met in steel and explosives HOWEVER hugely expenny and not met in other industries e.g. oil
policy of self self-sufficiency (autarky) failures 
1939, still dependent for 1/3 of raw materials
farmers given subsidies and cheap labour but food production hardly grew
luxury imported goods increased
scientists finding alternatives for resources (e.g. rubber, oil, cotton) had little success
when did rearmament start
1933 secretly, 1935 openly
-> caused greatest fall in unemployment (army and factory jobs)
how did the army increase from 1935-1938
over 1 million
(100,000 - 1,400,000)
where were jobs created in industry
tanks, battleships, fighter planes, guns

-> gov contracts made factory owners and large business bosses a fortune
pros of economic policy for big businesses
- no trade unions
-> low wages and high hours without strikes

- some made a fortune from rearmament
-> Daimler Benz - production inc. by over 800%
cons of economic policies for small businesses and traders
- those making consumer goods lost out- struggled to compete with larger firms
-> over 300,000 went bankrupt
pros and cons of economic policies for farmers
- some had debts cancelled
-food prices increased -> income increased by 41% from 1933 - 1936
-subsidised by gov
-cheap labour from RAD
-food prices strict later
-workers reduced as went to large factories
-little investment -> priority was new army tech
pros and cons of economic policies on workers
- increased employment -> by 1939, only 35,000 of 25m males not working
-armament workers got higher wages -> by 1936, average pay was 35 marks a week, 10x more than unemployment pay received in depression
-agriculture and consumer goods workers payed less
-long hours
impact of ww2 bombing on economy and people
350,000 killed; 780,000 injured
1/5 of housing destroyed as well as canals, roads and factories

-> thousands of refugees; difficult to transport and produce goods(e.g. planes, tanks, weapons amo)
impact of ww2 rationing on economy and people
introduced in 1939, worsened towards end
1942, rations were reduced -> food (bread, potatoes, veg), clothes (shoes) and household supplies (soap)
1945, real hunger

-> large numbers of farm labourers joined army
impact of ww2 labour shortages on economy and people
-men drafted into army(13 million serving by 1944) -> 3.5m joined 1940, 1.7m in 1941, 1.4m in 1942
attempted solutions: workers forced extra shifts; holidays banned;minimum 60 working hours a week
greater female employment
foreign workers(over 8m by end of war)-> did as little work as possible
increased efficiency of production-> weapons increased by 130% between 1941 and 43
impact of ww2 refugees on economy and people
mostly in 1945 - large increase in refugees; West Germany received little help
over 1/2 a mil dies fleeing west; survivors found little hope -> cold, hunger, disease
Allies advancing into germany American and British bombing campaigns left many homeless and starving
reasons for nazi policies and practices on youth/youth groups
-admiration and loyalty
-patriotic
-fit, brave, tough soldiers
-women who could look after a home and raise a family
-brainwash so would never rebel
-> push Nazi propaganda and beliefs at early stage
nazi policies in education
-greet teachers with Nazi salute
-swastikas and hitler photos in classrooms
-curriculum designed to push nazi ideals-> e.g. introduction of eugenics(taught how to improve race and the inferiority of others e.g. black people, Jews);3 double PE lessons a week
-textbooks rewritten; teachers and lecturers sacked (by 1939, over 3000 dismissed)
-girls taught home making, child care and aryan superiority
children encouraged to report parents/teachers
nazi policies on youth groups
Hitler Youth created 1926 -> 1933, 55,000 members (all other youth groups banned)-> 80% of youth by 1939 (made compulsory)
swore personal oaths to Hitler'exciting activites'-> hiking, running, fighting, gunsmilitary skills
impacts of youth and education policies
-loyal and enthusiastic Nazis
-exciting activities and enthusiasm
-improved fitness
-Nazi ideas (e.g. anti-semitism) accepted

some opposition: edelweiss pirates, swing youth etc.
nazi policies on women - organisations
-Women's Enterprise; organised training in domestic and motherhood skills->by1935, around 3.5 milattended->'Kinder, Kirche, Küche'
- all women's organisations forced to merge into DWF
Nazis had unparalleled control
nazi policies on women - employment and jobs (ECONOMIC)
-all women employed by state sacked in 1933->doctors, civil servants, teachers etc)
-employers encouraged to take men over women
-women allowed at uni reduced to 10%
-by 1934, 360,000 dismissedfrom work
less women in higher education and jobs
nazi policies on women - marriage and family (SOCIAL)
-'Law for the encouragement of Marriage'-> loans offered to couples;1000 marks(half a year's pay)-> marriage inc. from500,000 to 770,000
-banned contraception, abortion, slimming
-loans for having children; the more they had, the less they had to pay back-> e.g.4 kids, pay nothing back
-medals for having children->bronze = 4/5, silver = 6/7, 'gold cross' = 8+->'Motherhood medal'awarded on Hitler's mother bday for women who had most children
forced to give up jobs to have kids
positive for some who already held the views
nazi policies on women - appearance
-no slimming, late nights, smoking
-simple clothes
-> trousers, make up, short hair banned
-traditional and conservative
-> long skirts, plaited hair, healthy and sturdily built

some forced into narrow mould; freedom of weimar Germany revoked
how did hitler aim to control the Catholic Church
32% of population
-1933 concordat signed with Pope-> promised not to interfere with each other-> bishops had to take an oath of loyalty to nazi state
HOWEVER Hitler didn't keep promises..
.-priests intimidated and arrested
-Catholic youth groups forced to merge with Hitler Youth in 1936-> CONTROL LIVES AND MINDS OF YOUTH
-started to close monasteries
how did hitler aim to control the protestant church
nearly 60% of population
-Reich Church-> all protestant churches in one official church-> leaderBishop Ludwig Mullerdeclared Nazi support and all services began and ended with 'heil hitler' salute
-The Confessional Church-> many Reich church pastors refused to swear loyalty; by1934, 6000 had joined the new, non-Naziconfessional church
how did hitler aime to control minority religious groups
persecuted much more viciously than the big churches
-1/3 Jehovah's witnesses killed in concentration camps-> refused to salute or serve in army
- other persecuted included theSalvation Army and Christian Scientists
Jews suffered relentless persecution
what did bishop von Galen do and nazi reaction
CATHOLIC- revealed the Nazis weresecretly killing mentally ill and physically handicapped (1941)->led a campaign to halt euthanasia program
took no anger so as not to make a martyr-> goebbels urged to hang him but new would cause catholic anger
what did Martin niemoller do and nazi reaction
PROTESTANT- prominentcritic of 'German Christians' and the Nazis-> formed Confessional Church
put into a concentration camp
what did Dietrich Bonhoeffer do
PROTESTANT
- supplied information to support plot to kill Hitler

Imprisoned in 1943 and later executed
who did the Nazis persecute, how and why
- unable to work->1933: 500,000 sent to concentration camps;habitual criminals, tramps, beggars, prostitutes, homelessseen as socially useless
- homosexuals->15,000 arrested and sent to conc camps (8000 by 1938),castrated/used in experiments;Hitler disapproved and thought would weaken Germany
- non-aryan->forbidden to marry/have children with other races,385 black germans compulsorily sterilised, over 500,000 gypsies killed;keep superior race pure, blamed for struggles, gypsies didn't do normal work
- political enemies->July 1933: first group arrestedand sent to conc camps;wanted obedient, loyal nazis
- disabled->Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring 1933 (350,000 compulsorily sterilised), euthanasia (T4 program), 1941 - 71,000 murder by policy;physically disabled and mentally ill were a burden
Nazi racial persecution
Aryans had right to dominate inferior races as the master race

- over 500,000 gypsies killed and over 6m jews

obsessive hatred of jews
-> ghettos, executed, death camps
what were the nuremberg laws
1935
The Reich Law on Citizenship:- only those with German blood are citizens- non aryans will become subjects- jews can't have passports, vote, have police assistance or work for gov
The Reich Law for the Protection of Blood and Honour:- non aryans can't marry germans- non aryans can't have sex with German citizens
REMOVAL OF RIGHTS, DEHUMANISATION
examples of jewish persecution, discrimination and elimination
1933: many jews banned/sacked from jobs e.g teachers, army, gov jobs

Sept 1935: NUREMBERG LAWS, Star of David

1938: had to register all possessions and carry Jewish identity cards

1938 9-10th nov: KRISTALLNACHT
-> first proper violence

1939: ghettos, forced emigration, einsatzgruppen

1941: FINAL SOLUTION
when were the Berlin olympics
1936 - gap in action
what happened on kristallnacht and significance
9-10th November 1938 - first violence
gangs smashed and burned jewish property->814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogues destroyed
jewsfined 1 billion marksto pay for damage as 'brought on themselves'
by12th nov, 20,000 jews sent to conc camps
how did lives of jews change from nazi policies
- work and education-> businesses boycotted and attacked; banned from jobs (e.g. teachers, civil servants, lawyers); 1938, couldn't attend uni/state schools
- safety and leisure->1938, couldn't own radios, typewriters, bikes, couldn't got to cinemas, concerts, theatres, couldn't buy newspapers and magazines;1939,could be kicked out without reason, goebbels created a campaign of violence1938
- religion and citizenship->1935,lost citizenship; forced to add names 'Israel' or 'Sarah','racially pure' church attacked jewish influence
how were the jews dealt with before the final solution
ghettos: bricked into ghettos away from rest of pop, overcrowded, no water/power, mass starvation, diseases(e.g. typhus and TB)
einsatzgruppen: mobile killing squads created in1939; SS units that followed German army-> rounded up Jews, took to country side where they dug mass graves before killing them
death camps: first camp in 1933, over 150,000 by 1939