ICT EXTRAS

• TESTING: software systems are developed in modular form, so each module of system can be tested seperately once it has been developed. If errors are found in modules or full program then modifications will be made
• In development, first create file structure, then validation techniques to ensure correct data is entered into field , then user interface is created
• Validation rules will be check to see if only correct values can be entered into relevant fields
• Questionnaires ADVANTAGES: can reach large aaudience and questions can be answered quickly and cheaper method of analysing
• QUESTIONNAIRES DISADVANTAGES: may not be completed accurately, may not be all returned, cannot expand or clarif answers to questiosn
• COLLECTING DOCS ADVANTAGES: Analysts can see how current paper system operates and can obtain information critical to system
• COLLECTING DOCS DISADVANTAGES: time-consuming process and expensive
• OBSERVATION ADVANTAGES: analyst can obtain reliable info about current system, info will not be biased
• OBSERVATION DISADVANTAGES: some employees can feel uncomfortable being observed and employees may perform differently if they know they're being observed
• INTERVIEW ADVANTAGES: can ask open-ended questions to gauge more feedback, questions can be modified during interview
• INTERVIEW DISADVTANGES: time consuming process, interviewee can't remain anonymous
• PHASED IMPLEMENTATION ADVANTAGES: new part of system is only introduced when current phase is working correclty and if part of new system doesn't meet requirements you can go back to point of system which was working
• PHASED IMPLEMENTATION DISADVANTAGES: time consuming as every part needs to be evaluated, many training sessions
• PILOT RUNNING ADVANTAGES: if new system doesn't meet requirements then only one department is affected, training can take place in 1 department
• PILOT RUNNING DISADVANTAGES: takes while for new system to be implemented across all departments, if system fails in one department then there will be delays due to further training and modifications
• IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES: Phased implementation, pilot running, direct changeover and parallel running
• DIRECT CHANGEOVER ADVANTAGES: whole system would be fully tested before implementation so less chance of errors and costs are reduced
• DIRECT CHANGEOVER DISADVANTAGES: if new system fails then old system isn't available and not enough time to provide training to employees
• PARALLEL RUNNING ADVS: if new system doesn't meet requirement then old system is still available, employees can be trained gradually
• PARALLEL RUNNING DISADVs : tasks will be duplicated as data is input into both systems, requires more employees
• EXPERT SYSTEMS ARE MADE UP OF: user interface, inference engine, knowledge base and rules base
• Expert systems are used to provide expert opinions by using a system allowing user to query knowledge base to find solutions to their problems
• user interface allows user to interact with system to recieve feedback
• inference engine acts as a search engine, queries knowledge base to match query of user
• knowledge base is info developed by experts based on collection of facts
• rules base is info developed by experts based on collection of rules
• APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ADVS: robots can work 24/7 with same consistency and accuracy, more productive, work in extreme conditions not suitable for humans, don't need to be paid
• APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES DISADVS: robots cannot easily adapt to situation, expensive to buy and maintain, workers can lose jobs