classification

• What is evolution theory?


  The theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve, or chnage as a result pf many thousanads of years of nautural selection
• Who developed the theory of evolution

  Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
• When and what did Darwin read aboard the HMS Beagle that inspired his creation of the evolution theory

  Principles of Geology 1831
• What did the principle of geology suggests

  Fossils were evidence for animals which lived millions of years ago
• What is the theory of uniformitarianism


  it states that the geological processes that shape Earth are uniform through time. It combines the idea of gradual change over time with the observations that such changes have occurred at a constant rate and are ongoing.
• What did the theory of uniformitarianism allow Darwin to suggest


  Evolution is a slow process
• Where and what did Darwin study where he found variation in the species on each island


  Galápagos Islands, finches
• What happened in 1858


  Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin + presented their theory's to the Linnaean Society of London
• What are the 3 evidences for evolution?


  1. Palaeontology

  2. Comparative anatomy

  2. Comparative biochemistry
• What is paleontology?


  the study of fossils and fossil records
• What is comparative anatomy?

  the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
• What is comparative biochemistry


  similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms
• What happened in 1859


  Darwin publishes Origin of the Species
• when are fossils formed?

  when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks.
• what are layers of rocks which fossils are found in called?

  strata
• what does the different strata show


  different geological eras
• what is the fossil record


  the millions of fossils that scientists have collected
• Evidence provided by fossil record


  - fossils of the simplest organisms (bacteria and algae) are found in the deepest rock, whilst more complex organisms are found in more recent rock- supports evolutionary theory that organisms evolved over time

  
  

  - the sequence in which the organisms are found match their ecological links to each other e.g plant fossils form before animal fossils

  
  

  - scientists can see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
• Why isn't the fossil record complete?

  > Fossils do not always form - they only form if conditions are suitable (e.g. not too acidic)

  > Soft tissue decays - hard tissue may fossilise but soft tissue decays quickly, soft tissue only forms impressions in very special conditions

  > Many fossils are yet to be found - we can only find them when we dig them up, some are very deep
• What is a homologous structure?


  Structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but have same structure
• Example of homologous structure


  Pentadactyl limb of vertebrates
• what is the presence of the homologous structure evidence for

  divergent evolution
• what is divergent evolution


  Describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved each with a set of adaptive features
• when does divergent evolution occur


  When closely related organisms diversify to new habitats- due to migration or loss of habitat
• why can comparative biochemistry be used


  some important molecules are highly conserved (remain almost unchanged) among species, so slight changes that do occur can help to identify evolutionary links
• which molecules are most commonly studied in comparative biochemistry

  cytochrome C and ribosomal RNA
• how do scientists use biochemistry to look at the relationship between 2 organisms


  1. the molecular sequence of 2 molecules are compared by looking at the order of DNA bases and order of amino acids in a protein

  2. the number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate the molecules undergoes neutral base pair substitution

  3. from this information, scientists can estimate the points when 2 species last shared a common ancestor - species which are closely related share similar DNA and proteins
• Why is the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene commonly used in determining phylogenetic relationships between microbial taxa?

  has a very slow rate of substitution
• what are natural base pair substitutions


  A type of mutation involving replacement or substitution of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA or RNA molecule- often doesn't result in an altered amino acid
• what is the domain of an organism

  highest taxonomic rank
• domain examples


  Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• What are the 5 kingdoms

  Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista, Prokaryote
• what is the phylum of an organism


  groups organisms according to body plan e.g having a backbone or not
• what is the class of an organism


  groups organisms to do with general traits e.g number of legs
• what is the order of an organism

  groups according to organisms nature e.g carnivore/herbivore
• what is the family of an organism

  groups of similar genera, based on reproductive characteristics
• what is the genus of an organism

  groups of similar species
• what is the species


  group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• how to remember the biological classification system


  Dinner

  King

  Prawn

  Curry

  Or

  Fat

  Greasy

  Sausages
• What is classification?


  The process of grouping things based on their similarities