LAB QUIZ

• Handwashing


  Proper hand hygiene is a simple but effective way to prevent infections

  
• Clean hands can stop the spread of germs from one person to another and throughout an entire community – from your home and workplace, to childcare facilities and hospitals
• Break the chain of infection


  Know the proper hand hygiene techniques
• Routine handwashing technique

  1. Remove jewelry

  2. Stand a few inches from the sink

  3. Turn on the faucet and place hands under the running water

  4. Use soap and work up lather

  5. Apply a little friction and rub hands together for at least 15 seconds (20 seconds)

  6. Rinse the hands from the wrist to fingertips using downward motion

  7. Dry hands using a clean paper towel

  8. Use the paper towel to close the faucet except when it is foot or motion activated

  
• Entire handwashing procedure

  1. Wet hands with water

  2. Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces

  3. Rub hands palm to palm

  4. Right palm over left dorsum with interfaced fingers and vice versa

  5. Palm to palm with fingers interfaced

  6. Back of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked

  7. Rotational rubbing of left thumb and clasped in right palm and vice versa

  8. Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clapped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa

  9. Rinse hands with water

  10. Dry hands thoroughly with a single use towel

  11. Use towel to turn off the faucet

  12. Your hands are now safe

  
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


  • Equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses
  • Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (OSHA)
  • Designed according to the nature of work

  
• Types of PPE in healthcare setting

  • Gloves
  • Gowns/coverall/apron
  • Masks and respirators
  • Goggles
  • Face shields

  
• Appropriate PPE

  • Based on the risk of exposure (e.g. type of activity)
  • Based on the transmission dynamics of the pathogen (e.g. contact, droplet or aerosol)
• Modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission


  • Mainly through respiratory droplets and contact
  • Airborne transmission is possible during aerosol generating procedures (AGPs)
• Aerosols


  Suspension of tiny particles or droplets in the air, such as dusts, mists, or fumes
• • Health care workers involved in the direct care of patients should use the following PPE: Gowns, gloves, medical mask, and eye protection (goggles or face shield)
  • For aerosol-generating procedures use respirators, eye protection, gloves and gowns; aprons should also be used if gowns are not fluid resistant

  
• Gloves


  • Work from clean to dirty
  • Limit opportunities for "touch contamination"
  • Protect yourself, others and environmental surfaces
  • Change gloves as needed - After use on each patient, and discard then in the nearest appropriate receptacle
• Types of gloves

  • Nitrile gloves
  • Latex gloves
  • Vinyl gloves
• Nitrile gloves


  • Contain NO latex and are powder-free
  • Are the most puncture resistant
  • Have a high level of touch sensitivity
  • Mold to your hand for a good fit
  • Are good for wearing for an extended amount of time
  • Work well for high-risk situations involving infectious material
  • Resist many chemicals
  • Have a long shelf life
  • Are blue to help identify the glove
• Latex gloves


  • Fit like a second skin
  • Have a high level of touch sensitivity
  • Are good for wearing for an extended amount of time
  • Work well for high-risk situations involving infectious materials
  • Are cost-effective
  • Are lightly powdered for easy donning (putting on)
  • Are very elastic and strong
• Vinyl gloves


  • Contain NO latex
  • Have a looser fit
  • Are good for short term, low-risk tasks
  • Are the most economic option
  • Have anti-static properties
  • Are the best use with non-hazardous materials
  • Are lightly powdered for easy donning (putting on)
• Fabric masks


  • Level of protection to the wearer is uncertain
  • Depends on the fabric and the fit
  • NOT used in healthcare settings

  
• Surgical masks


  • Face mask
  • Should be fluid-resistant to splash or spray of bodily fluids
  • Provides protection against droplet transmission
  • Wearer can still breathe unfiltered air around the edge of the mask

  
• Filtering Face Piece (FFP) Respirators


  • Tight seal around the edge of the mask so all air passes through the filter
  • Protect the wearer and the people they come into contact with from infectious droplet
  • Classification is based on filtration efficacy (95%, 99%, and 99.97%) and filter's oil resistance (N, R, and P)
  • Can be used in high risk settings and procedures

  
• N95 mask


  • 95: Removes 95% of 3+ micron-particles
  • Valve: Optional, reduces breathing resistance during exhalation
  • Material: Tough yet flexible non-woven polypropylene fiber
  • FFP2 or N95 masks filter at least 94-95% of particles bigger than 0.3 μm in diameter
  • FFP3 or N99 masks filter at least 99% of particles bigger than 0.3 μm
• Powered air purifying respirator (PAPR)


  • Alternative to N95 respirators
  • Protects the user by filtering out contaminants in the air
  • Uses a battery-powered fan to force air through a filter cartridge, or canister to a tight-fitting facepiece or loose-fitting hood
• Long-sleeved water-resistant gowns


  Gowns are easier to don and doff
• Coveralls


  • Cover the whole body, including the back and lower legs
  • Difficult to doff
  • Generate more heat stress
  • Leads to discomfort, fatigue, and dehydration
• Donning of PPE

  1. Identify and gather the proper PPE to don

  2. Perform hand hygiene using hand sanitizer

  3. Put on isolation gown

  4. Put on approved N95 respirator (or facemask)

  5. Put on face shield or goggles

  6. Put on gloves - Gloves should cover the cuff (wrist) of the gown

  
• Doffing of PPE

  1. Remove gloves (glove-in-glove or bird break)

  2. Remove gown

  3. Perform hand hygiene

  4. Remove face shield or goggles, grab the strap and pull upwards and away from head. Do not touch the front of face shield or goggles

  5. Remove and discard respirator (or facemask)

  6. Perform hand hygiene after removing the respirator/facemask
• • Healthcare facilities must check the specifications of products thoroughly before procuring PPE
  • Health care workers are well trained for the proper use of PPE
  • Appropriate donning and doffing is essential for proper protection
• General blood collection equipment and supplies

  • Blood drawing station
  • Phlebotomy chair
  • Equipment carrier
  • Gloves
  • Antiseptics
  • Disinfectants
  • Hand-sanitizer
  • Gauze pads
  • Bandages
  • Pen
  • Watch
  • Sharps container
  • Biohazard bags

  
• Venipuncture equipment

  • Vein locating devices
  • Tourniquet
  • Needle
  • ETS
  • Syringe

  
• Phlebotomy needles

  • Hypodermic
  • Multi-sample
  • Winged-infusion
  • Gauge of needles are color-coded
  • Gauge - size/diameter of the lumen/bore of the needle
  • Higher number of gauge = smaller lumen
  • Most commonly used is range 21-23

  
• Self Re-sheating Needles


  • After using, you can pull the sleeves upward or forward to cover the needle
  • To guard the needle and prevent needle stick injury
• Accuvein


  Has infrared light to locate veins
• Tourniquet


  • Latex
  • Non-latex
  • Velcro closure type
  • Buckle closure type
• Needle


  • Multi-sample
  • Hypodermic
  • Winged infusion
• ETS


  • Multi-sample needle
  • Tube holder
  • Evacuated tubes
• Syringe


  Comes in different capacity

  
• Hypodermic needle


  Attached in the syringe

  
• Multi-sample needle


  Attached in the tube holder of the ETS system

  
• Winged-infusion needle


  • For winged-infusion set
  • Butterfly-infusion set
  • Has plastic wings, tubing, and plastic adapter
• Needle gauge


  • Color-coded
  • Size/diameter of the lumen/bore of the needle
  • Higher number = smaller lumen
  • Most commonly used is range 21-23, 21 is the most common

  
• Self re-sheating needles


  • After using, you can pull the sleeves upward or forward to cover the needle
  • To guard the used needle