Math_long test

• population - collections of people, animals, objects, procedures, measurements, and events that fit in with the purpose of your study
• sample - subset of population used to estimate characteristics of entire population
• sampling - a crucial technique that involves selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population to participate in a study
• probability sampling - methods where all subjects in the target population have equal chances to be selected in the sample
• non-probability sampling - methods where the sample population is selected in a non-systematic process that does not guarantee equal chances for each subject in the target population
• random sampling - method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample
• systematic sampling - members of your population are written in a list systematically with corresponding numbers
• stratified sampling - divides the population into subgroups or strata based on certain criteria, then randomly selects participants within each stratum
• cluster sampling - groups of people are sampled instead of individual people
• convenience sampling - involves using respondents who are "convenient" to the researcher
• purposive sampling - samples are determined by the researcher based on the purpose of the study
• quota sampling - predetermined number of individuals from different categories is selected
• snowball sampling - samples are selected based on the recommendation of other members in the sample
• stem-and-leaf display - a method to organize data wherein the leading digits of the data are the stem values while the trailing digits are the leaf values
• frequency - number of times an observation of a particular value appears in a data set
• dataset - set or collection of data
• frequency distribution - a table that shows how many times or how often an event occurs within a given set of data
• grouped data - data that has been organized in classes after its analysis
• class mark - it is the middle value that may serve as the representative of the interval
• graph - a pictorial representation of statistical data. this is used to represent a set of data to make it easier to understand and easily interpret statistical information
• bar graph - a representation that uses bars or rectangles that show the frequency of each category
• line graph - an illustration that shows the association between the independent variable and the dependent variable
• histogram - a graphical representation of data points organized into user-specified ranges
• measures of central tendency - any measure representing the center of a set of data arranged in a decreasing or increasing order of magnitude
• mean$Σx / n$
• mean - commonly referred to as the average of all values
• sigma - it is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet and is equivalent to our letter 'S'
• median - the middle value when the numbers are listed in ascending or descending order
• median for odd number of scores = (n+1) / 2
• median for even number of scores = (n+2) + (n+2) + 1
• mode - most frequently occurring score
• mean of grouped data = (Σfx) / n
• in the given formula, Lmdn is the lower class boundary of the median class

  
• in the given formula, fmdn is the class width or class size

  
• in the given formula, <cfb is the cumulative frequency below the median class

  
• mode for grouped data - lbmo + (d1 / d1 + d2)
• lbmo is the lower boundary of the modal class