REPRODUCTION

• Asexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells
• Sexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or sex cells
• Fission


  • Type of asexual reproduction involving the division of body into two or more equal parts
• Fragmentation


  • Type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual; in animals, fragmentation is usually followed by regeneration where the missing parts are produced
• Budding


  • Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and then detaches itself
• Sporulation


  • Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which later on germinates
• Isogamy


  Fusion of similar gametes which are usually motile
• Heterogamy


  Fusion of dissimilar gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile gamete, the egg is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm
• Bisexual reproduction


  Type of sexual reproduction involving the union of gametes from two genetically different parents
• Hermaphrodite


  An individual with both male and female reproductive tissues. In animals "self fertilization" is not common. In worms, a hermaphrodite needs a male to donate sperms in order to fertilize the oocytes in its body
• Hermaphroditism


  The condition of having both male and female reproductive organs
• Most flowering plants, or angiosperms—are called monoecious, or bisexual
• Hermaphroditic animals are mostly invertebrates such as worms, bryozoans (moss animals), trematodes (flukes), snails, slugs, and barnacles—are usually parasitic, slow-moving, or permanently attached to another animal or plant
• Sequential hermaphrodite


  • Produces eggs (female gametes) and sperm (male gametes) at different stages in life. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Species that can undergo these changes do so as a normal event within their reproductive cycle, usually cued by either social structure or the achievement of a certain age or size
• Protogynous hermaphrodites (Protogyny)


  • Animals that are born female and at some point in their lifespan change sex to male
• Protandrous hermaphrodites (Protandry)


  • The process in which a male turns into a female later in its life
• Pseudohermaphroditism


  A condition in which the individual has a single chromosomal and gonadal sex but combines features of both sexes in the external genitalia, causing doubt as to the true sex
• Female pseudohermaphroditism


  Refers to an individual with ovaries but with secondary sexual characteristics or external genitalia resembling those of a male
• Male pseudohermaphroditism


  Refers to individuals whose gonads are testes but whose secondary sexual characteristics or external genitalia resemble those of a female
• Development


  Formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one's life. It is terminated by death
• Haploid


  Represented by n , a cell has only half the chromosome number or only one set of chromosomes
• Diploid


  2n, a cell has full chromosome number or two sets of chromosomes
• Gametogenesis


  • Stage of development that yields haploid gametes
• Fertilization


  • Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote
• Cleavage


  • Stage of the development involving a series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote
• Totipotent cell


  A cell that is capable of differentiating to become any kind of cell
• Gastrulation


  • Stage of development involving morphogenetic movements of the cell to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell layers: ectoderm(outermost layer(, endoderm(inner) and mesoderm (middle layer)
• Organogenesis


  • Stage of the development where different germ layers differentiate into specific organ systems
• Differentiation and Growth


  • Stage of development
• Monozygotic Twins


  Also known as identical twins, result from the union of a sperm and egg to form zygote that splits up during the first cleavage stage
• Dizygotic Twins


  Also known as fraternal twins, result from the development of two or more separate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously
• Testis


  • Where sperms are produced
• Epididymis


  • Where sperms are temporarily stored
• Scrotal sac/scrotum


  • Supports the testis and epididymis
• Vas deferens


  • Where the sperms passes through from the testis before it joins the urethra
• Penis


  • Erectile organ of male, transfer sperms to vagina
• Forskin/Prepuce


  • A loose skin that covers the sensitive head of the penis
• Urethra


  • It is a passageway for sperm and fluids from the reproductive system and urine from the urinary system
• Seminal Vesicle


  • Secretes fluid that forms the part of the semen, secretion gives the semen its alkaline characteristics to counteract the acidity of the vaginal tract and therefore protect the sperm
• Prostate Gland

  • Secretes fluid that also provides alkalinity to the semen. They function to enhance the motility of the sperm. It also contains proteolytic enzymes, citric acid , phosphatases and lipid