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• Transition words


  Linking words or phrases that connect your ideas and add cohesion to your writing
• Transition words


  • Indicate to the reader the relationships between sentences and between paragraphs, making it easier for the reader to understand your ideas
• Cause and Effect Organization


  • Shows a causal relationship between events, ideas, and trends
  • Often used in historical and scientific writing
• Compare and Contrast


  • Provides a way to look at similarities and differences between objects
• Problem-Solution Order


  • An organization in which a problem is stated and analyzed and then one or more solutions are proposed and examined
  • Usually used in persuasive writing (editorials and proposals)
• Main Idea and Details


  • A pattern of organization in which details support a central idea about a topic
• Outline


  An organized list of what you plan to write about and is a sketch of what your essay will look like. It is also your guide to keep you on the right track when you are writing your first draft.
• Topic outline


  Uses words and phrases as its entries, used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in several ways
• Sentence outline


  Uses complete sentences as its entries, putting sentences that describe the topic and the minor topics, requires clear explanation
• Claim


  Position or point of view on an issue
• Counterclaim


  What the opposing side is arguing about the issue
• Outline patterns


  • Roman Numeral
  • Uppercase Letters
  • Arabic Numbers
  • Lowercase Letters
• Primary source


  First-hand evidence which gives direct access to the subject of the research
• Secondary source


  A commentary from other researchers, describing, interpreting, or synthesizing primary sources
• Synthesizing


  Combining different aspects of your ideas and research and the ideas of others to produce new ideas
• Paraphrasing


  Rewriting the text in your own words, to clarify meaning and to shorten a longer statement but keep the main ideas and to avoid plagiarism
• Summarizing


  Relating the most important points in a text or a portion of a text in our own words
• Elements in writing a paragraph

  • Topic sentence
  • Supporting sentences
  • Concluding sentence
• Descriptive paragraph


  • Describes something and shows the reader what a thing or a person is like, often appealing to the five senses
• Narrative paragraph


  • Relates to a story or event, can be fiction or non-fiction, written to explain what, when, and who
• Expository paragraph


  • Explains, informs, defines, compares or contrasts, analyzes, or shows cause and effect, with the purpose of providing information
• Persuasive paragraph


  • Intends to convince the readers/listeners to believe, perform a certain action or change mind, has a clear thesis, uses sound reasoning and powerful language, presents detailed evidence and references, presents alternatives and counter arguments, uses clear organization, provides a clear conclusion, and uses effective sentence structure
• Factual recount


  • Retells an experience or an event that happened in the past, with the purpose of informing, entertaining, or reflecting and evaluating
• Personal recount


  • Often combines elements of both the narrative and memoir, the author writes like the way he or she might talk in an ordinary or everyday conversation
• Factual text


  • Informs, instructs, or persuades by giving facts and information, focuses on facts