Paper 1 Knowledge

• Soft engineering for rivers?


  -Afforestation

  -River restoration

  -Floodplain zoning
• Hard engineering for rivers?

  -Embankments

  -Dams and reservoirs

  -Flood relief channels

  -Channel straightening
• What is an estuary?


  The place where the river meets the sea
• What's a floodplain?


  Wide, flat areas on either side of a river in it's lower and middle course
• What are levées?


  A naturally built up wall of silt and sediment
• How are interlocking spurs formed?


  When a mountain stream erodes vertically and erode away softer rock, leaving the harder rock behind
• What is a gorge?

  A steep sided valley where a waterfall once was
• How do waterfalls form?


  -Soft rock layer underneath hard rock

  -Erosion occurs forming a ledge / harder rock is undercut

  -Abrasion and hydraulic action create a plunge pool

  -Erosion continues until hard rock is no longer supported and collapses causing the waterfall to retreat upstream
• What is hydraulic action?

  Erosion of rock due to the force of the water hitting the cliff or river
• What is abrasion?


  When rock or other material is carried by water and used to wear away the landscape
• What is attrition? 


  When rocks are bashed together to make smaller and smoother ones
• What is solution?


  Minerals dissolved in the water are carried along
• What is suspension?

  Materials carried within the water
• What is traction?


  Large pieces of rock dragged along the seabed or riverbed
• What is saltation?


  Pebbles bouncing along the seabed or riverbed
• Hard engineering for the coastline?


  -Sea walls

  -Gabions

  -Rock armour

  -Groynes
• Soft engineering for the coastline?


  -Beach nourishment

  -Dune regeneration

  -Managed retreat

  -Beach reprofiling