politology

• Politology


  Systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis
• Terms used for politology


  • Political science
  • Political study
• Politology

  • Part of philosophy
  • Independent scientific study - the turn of the 19th and 20th c.
  • Officially established in 1949
• Politics


  A purposeful human activity that leads to the effective management of human resources in society, describes the participation of citizens in power and examines the political behaviour of individuals and groups and the mechanisms of their control
• Politology


  Systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis, studies political science, politics, examines the state, its forms, organs and institutions
• Disciplines of politology


  • Political theory
  • Comparative political science
  • Political thinking
  • Geopolitics
  • Political forecasting
  • Political sociology
• Subject of politology


  The functioning of the state, the functioning of political systems, the operation of power and government institutions, the political behaviour of people, power and authority, the activity of political parties, the relationship of superiority and inferiority, relations between states, the relationship of politics and the economy, the analysis of political ideologies, the creation of social policy
• Methods of politology


  • Behavioural
  • Geographical
  • Historical
  • Cybernetic
  • Logical
  • Systemic
• 4 areas of political science research defined at the conference in Paris in 1949


  • Political theory
  • Political institutions, constitutions, forms of government, public administration, economic and social tasks of the state
  • Parties, groups and public opinion
  • International relations - foreign policy, international organizations and law
• State


  The emergence of the state is connected with the emergence of law, law and the state need each other
• Thomas Hobbes on why the state arises


  • Reciprocity - guarantees citizens what was not guaranteed to them - protection of life and private property, everyone gains something from the creation of the state, but also loses (part of freedom)
  • Diversification - society becomes internally diverse (social strata are formed) and this diversity must be managed/controlled - for this a state is created, which uses law to control
• State


  A continuation of the hominization process (becoming human) and part of the socialization process (integration into society), created for pragmatic (maintaining control of a diverse society) and economic (everyone gains and loses something) reasons, to explain the organization of society, to manage human resources, to coordinate social stratification, to enforce the law, to express the sovereignty of the nation, to force citizens to act as they would not otherwise act
• Characteristics and definition of the state


  • An impersonal power mechanism, a political, economic, social, geographical-territorial entity, with the population living on it, over which the competent authority exercises power
  • A form of organization of human society that unites the inhabitants of a certain territory into a legal entity
  • The goal is to effectively manage the territory of the state and everything found here (e.g. nature)
• Signs of the state


  • State symbols - objects that the state has determined in the constitution as its official and unchangeable sign and which are based on the tradition of the state they represent; coat of arms (emblem), flag, seal, anthem, etc.
  • Territory - surface; the area of the state is bounded by fixed and immutable borders of the state; it also includes the territory under the surface and the air above the state, the territory on state planes and ships and the territory of embassies
  • State citizenship - legal relationship between a citizen and the state (obliges both citizens and the state to certain rights and obligations)
  • State power - the public power that manages the entire course of the state; a group of people who come to power through elections - legislative (parliament), executive (government, president), judicial (courts)
  • State sovereignty - independence of a state from another state; it can be given up for the good of the state (for example, the European Union) - external (other states cannot interfere in the affairs of the state), internal (the state is superior to citizens)
• Functions of the state


  • External - ensuring relations with other states, regulation of foreign trade, defence of the territory
  • Internal - security, legal, economic, social, cultural
• Forms of the state - Monarchies


  • Absolutist monarchy
  • State monarchy
  • Constitutional monarchy
  • Parliamentary monarchy
  • Dualistic monarchy
• Forms of the state - Republics


  • Parliamentary republic
  • Presidential republic
• Dictatorship


  The state is led by one powerful person (or clan), powerful personality cults, autocrat, comes to power through pre-known elections, rigged elections or no elections at all, the dictator has all the power
• Public


  The parliament has more power, it controls the running of the state, the president has a weak position (he has executive power)
• Parliament


  1. Passes laws

  2. Manages the state
• Parliament


  Elected for a certain period
• President


  Comes to power through direct election by the citizens (Slovak Republic) or is elected by the parliament, the president cannot make laws
• Presidential republic


  • The president approves laws
  • The president is at the head of the executive power
• President


  Elected by the citizens (France, Russia) or is elected through voters (USA; a selected person from each state who will say who won the elections in that state, only confirms the people's choice)
• Dictatorship


  • The state is led by one powerful person (or clan), powerful personality cults
  • Autocrat, comes to power through pre-known elections, rigged elections or no elections at all
  • The dictator has all the power in his hands
• Theories of establishment of the state


  • Religious - the state is the result of God's intention, will and reflects divine perfection
  • Patriarchal - the basis of the state is the family, its gradual expansion creates the state (house, tribe)
  • Theory of violence - the state is a product of the application of force, especially armed, the state is an organization of the domination of the minority over the majority
  • Contractual - people cancelled the natural state of things and surrendered part of their rights and freedoms for the benefit of the whole
• National Coat of Arms of the Slovak Republic


  • Consists of a double silver cross on a red early Gothic shield, which is erected on the central elevated peak of the blue three-peaked mountain
  • Can be depicted in colour, with the silver colour of the double cross replaced by white
  • Can be a single-color graphic representation or rendering from metal, stone, from ceramic or other material

  
• National Flag of the Slovak Republic


  • Consists of three longitudinal stripes - white, blue and red, which are of the same width and arranged below each other
  • On the front half of the sheet of the national flag there is placed national coat of arms
  • The aspect ratio of the national flag is 2 : 3
  • Can also be used in the form of a state flag

  
• State Seal of the Slovak Republic


  • Round, with the state coat of arms depicted in its centre
  • The colours of the emblem are marked with heraldic hatching
  • The inscription Slovak Republic is placed in a circle around the state coat of arms
  • In the lower part of the circular there is a lime leaf
  • Has a diameter of 45 mm
  • Used for the original document of the constitution and constitutional laws of the Slovak Republic, international treaties, credentials of diplomatic representatives as well as in other usual cases

  
• National Anthem of the Slovak Republic


  • The first two stanzas of the song Nad Tatrou sa blýska (written by Janko Matúška 1844)
  • Played or sung on the occasion of national holidays, memorial days and anniversaries and on other important occasions of a national or local nature

  
• Horizontal division of state power


  • Power shared among different organs - legislative, executive, judiciary
  • The purpose is to precisely define and delineate the competences of the individual branches of power, while all branches are equal, they complement each other and limit each other at the same time
• Vertical division of state power


  • Power shared among different levels of government - union, state, local government - provincial, regional
  • Determine the competences of state bodies in the vertical structure - determine who is subordinate to whom, who decides what
  • Influenced by tradition in politics, based on the needs and pressure from citizens
• The legislative branch of the Slovak Republic


  • Determined in Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic
  • Bearer of the legislative power is The Parliament of the Slovak Republic and the Referendum
  • The goal is to establish standards of behaviour - of the state, inhabitants, citizens, institutions; to pass laws; to change and supplement laws and the constitution
  • To discuss all important issues of state activity; express consent to the deployment of armed forces outside the territory; to approve contracts on state´s entry into unions with other states; express approval with international agreements
• The National Council of the Slovak Republic


  • The sole constitutional and legislative body of the Slovak Republic
  • Represents the sovereignty of the state and of the citizens
  • Has an important role in the formation of the Slovak Republic as a modern and democratic state, as well as in the implementation of social and ecologically oriented market economy
  • Members of the Parliament are elected by universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot
  • There are 150 Members of Parliament elected for a four-year term
• Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic


  The head of the NR SR, 2nd highest constitutional function after the president, is elected by the MPs from among themselves
• Deputy Speakers of the National Council of the Slovak Republic


  • Andrej Danko
  • Ľuboš Blaha
  • Michal Šimečka
• Member of Parliament (MP)


  Must be a citizen at least 21 years old and must have a permanent residence in the Slovak Republic
• The National Council of the Slovak Republic is a collective body, it decides by majority of votes
• Passing resolutions in the National Council of the Slovak Republic


  1. A majority of all MPs (76+) must be present

  2. To express agreement with an international treaty or if the law is returned from (vetoed by) the president, a majority of all MPs must agree (76+)

  3. A 3/5 majority of all deputies (90+) must vote to adopt and amend the constitution or constitutional law or to file criminal charges against the president or to initiate war on another state
• Powers of the National Council of the Slovak Republic towards the executive power


  1. Establishes ministries, other bodies of the executive power, committees (initiative and control bodies composed of deputies)

  2. Approves the program statement of the government, controls its activities

  3. Negotiates, votes on the declaration of no confidence in the government

  4. Approves the state budget

  5. Has the right to interpellate the government (some member) - the right to ask questions