Reviewer (from pointers)

• Entropy 


  Measurement of disorder or randomness
• Microstates


  Specific arrangements of particle (atoms, ions, and molecules)
• increase in entropy 


  From highly ordered to More disordered
• Rudolf Clausius


  He discover that the heat will never travel from colder body to hotter body
• Law of increased entropy 


  Also known as 2nd law of thermodynamics
• All spontaneous processes lead to an increase of entropy in the universe.
• The entropy in an isolated system will never decrease over time.
• Entropy


  Measure of the unavailable energy closed thermodynamics system that is also usually considered to be a measure of system's disorder
• 2nd law of thermodynamics states that an isolated system's entropy will never decrease overtime
• Spontaniety


  A property of a process to occur without an external input of energy
• Two types of Process

  • Spontaneous Process
  • Non-Spontaneous Process
• Spontaneous Process


  a process where it proceeds without external input
• Types of Spontaneous process

  • Melting
  • Sublimation
  • Evaporation
  • dissolution
• Non-spontaneous Process


  This process requires energy/external output to proceed
• Ludwig Boltzmann (1850)


  He derived the mathematical relationship between entropy and the number of microstates in a system
• Max Planck


  he writes the boltzmann equation

  
• Gibb's Free Energy


  Measure of the available energy in a system to do work
• Gibb's Available Energy


  The other term for Gibb's Free Energy
• irreversible reactions


  One way type of reaction
• Reversible Reactions


  A two way type of reaction
• Not all reversible reactions are considered to be in a state of equilibrium.
• When no further change is happening in a reaction, the reaction is in equilibrium.
• Le Chatelier's Principle


  this principle states that If there is a change in the system, equilibrium will respond to attain a new equilibrium that offsets the effects of such changes.
• in Le Chatelier's Principle solid and liquid doesn't affect the equilibrium
• Arrhenius Theory


  this theory describes acid as compound that release hydrogen ions when dissolve to water. this theory also describe bases as hydroxide ions when dissolve in water
• Bronsted-Lowry Theory


  this theory states that acids are proton donor while bases are proton acceptor
• Water is also known as Amphiprotic species
• Amphiprotic


  Can be both acid or bases
• water can autoionization / self-ionization
• Buffers


  This is the pH regulators that keep the pH within a narrow range
• in Le Chatelier's Principle if the temperature goes up the shift is to the left
• in Le Chatelier's Principle if the temperature goes down the shift is to the right
• in Le Chatelier's Principle if the product increase the reactant will decrease therefore it is left shift
• in Le Chatelier's Principle if the reactant increase the product will decrease therefore it is right shift
• buffer components that can act as “shock absorbers” thus, a drastic change in pH levels is negated.
• Redox Reaction 


  Reduction-oxidation reaction
• reduction


  gain of electron
• oxidation


  loss of electron
• oxidizing agent


  the species doing the oxidation or causing electron loss
• reducing agent


  The species doing reducing or causing electron gain