henry viii religion

• thomas more


  high opponent of royal divorce and change

  fell from power when showed reluctance in supporting marriage

  refused to swear an oath

  passive resistance to oppose challenges but was too widely supported

  thomas cromwell triggered a trail sealing more's fate by incriminating him for treason therefore, ordering his execution
• aragonese faction


  sympathy for catherine

  led by henry courtenay who was a firm supporter of catherine and pilgrimage of grace when mary was made illegitimate

  execution for treason in 1539

  cromwell and influence of anne boleyn's faction silenced them
• resistance within the clergy


  bishops

  elizabeth barton

  monastic resistance
• bishops


  john fisher, bishop of rochester in 1504

  believed henrys actions were wrong after studying and praying

  refused to swear an oath

  pope was to make him the cardinal

  henry made him guilty of high treason who was then executed
• elizabeth barton


  vision maker in 1525 perceived as a genuine threat as she claimed that henry would die if he divorced catherine

  condemned by act of attainder

  she developed wider campaign in 1530 against the chnages in the church with rumours and letters

  arrested in 1533 through cromwells actions

  she confessed visions were false in 1534 leading to her execution
• monastic reference 


  strongest clerical resistance

  1532-33 refusal to accept the divorce

  in 1534 they resisted the government to agree to a declaration against the authority of pope

  group of 18 were arrested and executed
• resistance within the country 


  lincolnshire up-rising

  pilgrimage of grace
• lincolnshire up-rising


  1536

  challenge of royal authority

  spread to the whole of the north

  rumours that the king would close churches and raise the taxes along with large monastries

  10,000-40,000 rebellions were faced
• pligrimage of grace


  18 gentry led rebellion in 1536

  they were joined by monks

  duke of suffolk tried to shut down rebellions so they dispersed

  robert aske visited the rebels and collected support

  this group seized castles

  they moved to york to doncaster with 40,000 men presenting a petition to the duke of norfolk

  henry pardoned these rebels listening to their demands

  they dispersed

  led to further rebellions in 1537 so henry executed the leaders like robert asker who was hung
• causes of dissolution


  abuses and corruption was common through inspections

  the ecclesiasticus (value of ...) threatened henry as it found that the monastries value could double the crowns income

  permanent reminders of the catholic church making them political resistance

  they allowed additional property to the crown

  number of monastic clergy declined to about 10,000 with some monastries fewer than a dozen monks
• effects of the dissolution (social)


  protestants benefitted as the return of catholicism was unlikley

  monks and nuns lost work and accommodation although most recieved compensation

  st mary spital and st bartholomews hospitals closed
• effects of the dissolution (cultural)


  monastic buildings were left crumbling while others were sold off to become houses

  cathedrals were founded e.g., peterborough

  1539 an act dissolving all remaining monasteries was passed

  1540 all remaining religious houses were diluted in just 5 years
• effects of the dissolution (economic)


  bought henry great wealth to about 10% of the entire wealth of the kingdom

  land was sold at the full market value with more than half sold off in 1534-47
• law: acts in conditional restraint of annates 


  1532

  conditionally ended the payments of annates to rome

  lead to end of payments in 1534
• law: act in restraint of appeals 


  1533

  catherine could not appeal to rome for her case

  divorce case would be heard in england ending rhe appeals process to rome

  quick to progress of henrys divorce
• law: act of supermacy 


  1534

  change the leadership of the church in england

  claimed king always held the right to be head of the church as parliament werent giving him the right so henry could become the supreme head of the church

  start of church of england where the pope had no control
• law: acts of succession 


  1534

  change the succession and legitimise annes children

  requiring the acceptance of marriage to anne

  mary was no longer an heir or the princeess therefore making elizabeth the heir
• law: treason act


  1534

  end the opposition to the reformation

  making it treason to deny the royal supermacy

  death if oppossed
• causes of pilgrimage of grace 


  tax and enclosure like property laws

  divorce case

  bishops were no longer religious enough as they were leaning towards protestanism by appoitment of thomas cranmer, archbishop of canterbury

  threat of the loss of parish churches and traditional practisies
• position of church in 1547 (catholic)


  6 articles act in 1539 brought temporary end to protestanism which emphasised 7 sacraments and other catholic beliefs

  success of the pro-catholic conservative faction (gardener) marked new stages of development

  protestants were persecuted and ideas were attacked more so after henrys death
• postion of church in 1547 (protestant)


  bible was available in english which was appreicated in 1539

  less emphasis on saints and saint days reducing it to 25

  protestant faction of catherine parr survived; it encouraged henrys children to be educated by protestants
• church reformers


  luther: writer of 95 theses in response to indulgence selling with the beliefs that christians were saved through faith being against the typical catholic teachings. he also published a translation of the bible into german
• church reformers 


  calvin: believed that the catholic belief from freeing people from sin was wrong. he also did a french translation of the bible
• church reformers 


  zwingli: published the 67 articles in 1523 finding errors and unfavourable policies in the catholic church
• governmental individuals


  cranmer: archbishop of canterbury from 1533-36, getting henrys divorce from catherine, ambassador for holy roman emporer in 1532 and supported the translation of the bible

  cromwell: entered wolseys service in 1520 and netered parliament during the fall of wolsey in 1529, lord privy seal in 1536 and was behinf the attacks of papacy

  more: published utopia in 1516, lord chancellor in 1529, argued against henrys divorce and the split with rome, executed in 1535
• cromwells character (positive) 


  scrupulousy followed the law even when he lost a case and was always sincere with his beliefs

  firmly in control without any rebellions

  elton: a brilliant public servant, reformer of the government and a strong believer in the value of law
• cromwells character (negative) 


  immoral

  used his religious beliefs agianst the more conservative factions

  c.s.l davies: cold and calculating who maniuplated the king as he was concerned about keeping up his appearence seen as a machievellian
• fall of cromwell


  organisation of marriage to anne of cleves was a humiliation due to henrys violent dislike to her appearence therefore wanting a cancellation

  enemies at court like duke of norfolk emphasises the collapse of the marriage

  protection of protestants in calais

  failure to enforce the act of 6 articles

  rumours spread by catherine that he was not securing the marriage form anne quick enough
• church abuses 


  simony

  pluralism/non-residency

  nepotism

  selling indulgences for money-making schemes
• weaknesses of the church

  corruption

  anticlericalism

  decline of monasticism
• corruption


  pluralism

  simony

  corrupt clergyman=cardinal wolsey

  the crown used church offices as a way of rewarding those of its officials who were clergymen
• anticlericalism


  death of richard hunne

  he had ben tortured but led to murder

  clumsy attempt of covering up the murder with suicide

  disastrous reputation for the church

  consequence of the reformation
• decline in monasticism 


  lost sense of direction

  henry did not play a major role due to its weakening prior to henry's interference

  renaissance and humanism having an influence to shift religion
• changes to the church's structure 


  king is the supreme head of the church

  appointment of cromwell vicegerent in spirituals

  six new dioceses
• king becoming supreme head of the church


  confirmed by act of supremacy in 1534
• cromwell: vicegerent in spirituals 


  1534

  he was second only to the king

  outranked archbishops and bishops

  gave him considerable power over church
• six new dioceses 


  attempt to improve churchs administration
• traditionality of churches 


  remained same with interior and services

  particularly in latin seen as a superpower
• henrician reformation

  catholicism without the pope
• english bible

  frontpiece showed god giving henry viii his word and henry viii handing it to the english people