COPUHE CDS NCDS

• Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by microorganisms
• Microorganisms are small things found everywhere
• Diseases are spread through touching, coughing/sneezing, sharing, sexual contact
• Pathogens are tiny organisms that cause communicable diseases
• Infection occur when pathogens enter the body, multiply, and damage cells
• Bacteria-tiny one-celled organisms that live nearly everywhere

  Common types: strep throat ( if not taken care of can cause heart damage), boils, bacterial pneumonia, impetigo (skin infection among children) sinus infection, tuberculosis, hepatitis
• Virus is the smallest disease causing organism, not alive, cannotreproduce on their own
• Antibiotics are drugs that can kill or slow the growth of bacteria, can be made from bacteria and molds
• Penicillin was the first discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. It became available to people in 1940.
• Immune system is our body's main line of defense
• Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist germs that cause particular disease
• Nonspecific Response is the inflammation or increased bloodflow to affected area, send white blood cells to speed tothe affected area and destroy invading pathogens
• Specific Response is set in motion if it survives nonspecificresponse, more specialized, it can recognizethis pathogen if it enters the body again.
• Lymphatic System - secondary circulatory system that helps the body fight pathogens and maintain its fluid balance
• Lymphocytes react to antigens that are releasedby invading pathogens
• Natural immunity- born with it

  
  

  Acquired immunity- develops over lifetime

  
  

  Passive acquired immunity- receiving antibodies from mother in womb

  
  

  Active acquired immunity- Body makes specific antibodies in response to invasion by a specific pathogen
• Immune Response - B cells: production of antibodies and T cells: destroy pathogens
• NCDs refers to a group of conditions that are not mainly caused by an acute infection, result in long-term health consequences and often create a need for long-term treatment and care
• Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year worldwide, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. In the Region of the Americas, 5.5 million deaths are by NCDs.
• Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or17.9 million people annually, followed by cancers (9.0 million),respiratory diseases (3.9million), and diabetes (1.6 million),globally. These 4 groups account for over 80% of all premature deaths of NCDs.
• Tobacco accounts for over 7.2 million deaths every year (including from the effects of exposure to second-hand smoke) and is projected to increase markedly over the coming years. 


  4.1 million annual deaths have been attributed to excess salt/sodium intake.More than half of the 3.3 million annual deaths attributable to alcohol use are from NCDs, including cancer. 1.6 million deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical activity.
• Metabolic risk factors:

  1. raised blood pressure
  2. overweight/obesity
  3. hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels)
  4. hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood)
• NCDs account for 68% of all deaths in the Philippines, and the probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from one of the four main NCDs is 29% in the Philippines
• POPULATION: > 111 million

  PER CAPITA INCOME: $9,040

  LIFE EXPECTANCTY: Female - 76, Male - 67

  INFANT MORTALITY RATE - 18/1,000 live births
• cardiovascular disease is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels
• cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cell that arises from a change in one single cell
• Three categories of external agents of cancerns: physical carcinogens, chemical carcinogens, biological carcinogens
• In high-income countries, the leading causes of cancer deaths are lung cancer among men and breast cancer among women
• Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar) or alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
• Some health complications from diabetes:

  • diabetic retinopathy
  • diabetic neuropathy
  • diabetes as leading cause of kidney failture
• Overweight and obesity are defined as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health