carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made from

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Carbohydrate fuction


  -an energy source

  -structural material
• Which structures do carbohydrates come in


  Monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide
• Monosaccharide examples


  Fructose, glucose
• Disaccharide examples


  Galactose, sucrose
• Polysaccharide examples


  Starch, cellulose
• What is glucose (6 carbons)

  Hexose sugar
• General formula of glucose

  C6H12O6
• Where is the H in C1 in an alpha glucose

  Above
• Where is the H in C1 in an beta glucose


  Below
• What is a condensation reaction?


  When water is eliminated from the molecule- bonds are broken then reformed in new places
• What is the bond between 2 glucose molecules

  Glycosidic bonds
• What's a hydrolysis reaction?

  When water is added to break the molecules
• What are hydrolysis reactions used for?

  To break the polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides (the opposite to condensation reactions)
• Other hexose sugars


  Fructose, galactose (galactose + glucose = lactose)
• Sweetness of other hexose sugars: low—— high


  Galactose, glucose, fructose
• How many carbons do pentose monosaccharides have?

  5
• What's ribose?


  The sugar present in RNA nucleotides
• What's deoxyribose in?


  The sugar present in DNA nucleotides
• Ribose and deoxyribose are...


  Isomers- RNA- 1x H, 1x OH, DNA- 2x H
• What is Maltose formed from and what bond?


  2 glucose molecules joined together by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
• What is sucrose formed from and what bond?


  Formed from glucose and fructose joined together by an alpha 1-5 glycosidic bond
• What is lactose formed from and what bond?


  Formed from galactose and glucose joined together by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
• What are polysaccharides and how are they formed?

  They are polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds- they are formed by condensation reactions.
• Major polysaccharides


  starch and cellulose (plants), glycogen (animals)
• Uses of polysaccharides


  Energy store

  Structural components in cells
• Why are they 2 different types of starch


  Many alpha molecules can be joined by glycosidic bonds to form 2 slightly different polysaccharides known as starch
• Two types of starch?


  amylose and amylopectin
• Food test for starch


  Iodine solution
• Form of glucose in amylose

  Alpha glucose
• Form of glucose in amylopectin

  Alpha glucose
• Form of glucose in glycogen

  Alpha glucose
• Form of glucose in cellulose

  Beta glucose
• Bonding in amylose


  1,4 glycosidic bonds
• Bonding in amylopectin


  1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• Bonding in glycogen


  1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• Bonding in cellulose


  1-4 glycosidic bonds
• Which ones are branched?

  Amylopectin (linked 1-6) and glycogen
• Where is amylose found?


  Seeds and tubers
• Where is amylopectin found?

  plants