Chemistry-C2 Bonding

• Covalent bond


  Electrons are shared
• Ionic bond


  Electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom
• Ion with gained electrons


  Negative charge
• Ion with lost electrons

  Positive charge
• Elements that form ionic bonds


  Metal + non-metal
• Charge on ions


  • Group 1: 1+
  • Group 2: 2+
  • Group 6: 2-
  • Group 7: 1-
• Ionic compound structure and bonding

  • Giant ionic lattice (repeating structure) held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions
• Elements that form covalent bonds


  Non-metal + non-metal
• Types of substances with covalent bonds

  • Giant covalent substances (macromolecules) - like diamond and graphite
  • Small molecules (simple molecular) - like methane, CH4, water, H2O and ammonia NH3
• Number of bonds per carbon atom in diamond and graphite


  • Diamond: 4
  • Graphite: 3
• Structure of small molecules

  • Strong covalent bonds between atoms, weak forces between the molecules
• Polymer


  A long chain molecule made by joining many small molecules (monomers) together
• Graphene


  A single layer of graphite
• Fullerene


  Molecule made of carbon atoms arranged in a cage or tube
• Nanotubes


  Cylindrical fullerenes made from hexagonal rings of carbon
• Bonding in metals


  • Lattice (repeating structure) of metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons
• What nanoparticles can be used for


  • Medical applications, sun creams, catalysts, deodorants, cosmetics, electronics
• Types of bonding


  • Ionic
  • Macromolecular covalent (giant covalent)
  • Metallic
  • Simple (molecular) covalent
• Covalent bond


  Electrons are shared
• Ionic bond


  Electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom
• Ion with gained electrons


  Negative charge
• Ion with lost electrons

  Positive charge
• Elements forming ionic bonds


  Metal + non-metal
• Charge on ions


  • Group 1: 1+
  • Group 2: 2+
  • Group 6: 2-
  • Group 7: 1-
• Ionic compound


  • Giant ionic lattice (repeating structure) held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions
• Elements forming covalent bonds


  Non-metal + non-metal
• Types of substances with covalent bonds

  • Giant covalent substances (macromolecules) - like diamond and graphite
  • Small molecules (simple molecular) - like methane, CH4, water, H2O and ammonia NH3
• Number of bonds per carbon atom in diamond and graphite


  • Diamond: 4
  • Graphite: 3
• Small covalent molecules


  Methane and water
• Structure of small molecules


  • Strong covalent bonds between atoms, weak forces between the molecules
• Polymer


  A long chain molecule made by joining many small molecules (monomers) together
• Graphene


  A single layer of graphite
• Fullerene


  Molecule made of carbon atoms arranged in a cage or tube
• Buckminsterfullerene


  Formula C60
• Nanotubes


  Cylindrical fullerenes made from hexagonal rings of carbon
• Bonding in metals


  • Lattice (repeating structure) of metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons
• Ionic bonding


  • Has both positive and negative ions (metal and non-metal)
• Macromolecular covalent (giant covalent) bonding


  • Has a giant repeating structure, but no ions
• Metallic bonding


  • Has positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons in a giant repeating structure
• Simple (molecular) covalent bonding


  • Has no ions (so must be covalent) and is only a small group of atoms