What are medicines

• What are medicinal forms?


  Capsule

  Syrup

  Suspension

  Tablet

  Cream

  Inhaler

  Innjection/Ointment and infusion
• Why do we need dosage forms?


  Most drugs are powders, we need appropriate dosage of the drug as well as ways in which we can effectively deliver the drug to it's target.
• What is an excipient?


  an inactive substance that serves as the vehicle or medium for a drug or other active substance.

  Eg: water, and lactose
• Why do we need different dosage forms?


  1. Patients of different ages and abilities

  2. Different medication absorbance rates

  3. The speed of each drug varies

  4. Conditions on the environment may differ

  5. Different physiochemical properties of drugs

  6. Different clinical conditions

  eg: allergies vs seizure
• What are some different routes of administration?


  1. Parenteral (injection_

  2. Oral

  3. Buccal

  4. Sublingual (under the tongue)

  5. Oromucosal

  6. Rectal

  7. Topical (skin)

  8. Transdermal (under the skin)

  9. Pulmonary

  10. Nasal

  11. Vaginal

  12. Ocular (eye)

  13. Aural (ear)
• What dosage forms can we give during an injection?

  1. solution

  2. suspension

  3. emulsion
• What dosage from can we give via the mouth?


  Solutions, suspensions and emulsions

  Tablets, capsules and granules
• What dosage form can we give via the skin/topical or transdermal?


  1. Solutions (gels).

  1. suspensions (ointments)

  1. Emulsions (cream)
• What are some physical properties that dosage forms can have?

  They can be liquids. eg: solution, suspension and emulsion

  
  

  They can be semi-solids. eg: creams, ointments ad gels.

  
  

  They can be solids: eg: tablets, MR Tablets, Capsules, granules, suppositories, pessaries.

  
  

  Other: patches.
• What is an API?

  
  

  Give an example

  Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

  
  

  Paracetamol
• What are some excipients (tablets)

  Dilutents/fillers

  Binders/Adhesives

  Disintegrants

  Anti-adherents/ glidants/ lubricants

  miscellaneous adjuncts
• What is a dosage form?

  Drug + Excipient
• What are excipients (suspensions)


  Dispersion medium

  Wetting agent

  Viscosity enhancer

  Flucculating agent

  Flavours
• What is a local administration?


  Something which can reach any part of the body easily

  eg: cream
• What is a systemic administration

  Something which can enter the blood stream and the body

  
  

  eg: injection
• What is an excipient (suppositiry)?


  Base -> Hard fat (Witepsol H12)
• What is an excipient (infusion)?


  Dilutent (Water)

  pH adjuster (HCl/NaOH)

  Tonicity adjuster
• What are advantages of oral administration?


  •Perceived as natural

  •Uncomplicated

  •Convenient

  •Safe
• What are disadvantages of oral administration?


  •Slow drug response

  •Chance of irregular absorption

  •food

  •Chance of destruction of drug

  •Acid

  Gastrointestinal enzymes
• What is a tablet?


  A solid dosage form prepared by compression.

  
  

  They contain:

  - API + Excipient (sometimes)

  
  

  Examples of excipients

  - •Diluents

  •Disintegrants

  •Coatings e.g. enteric coating

  Colourants
• What is a capsule?


  •Solid dosage forms

  •Drug plus excipients enclosed in hard or soft shell (usually a form of gelatin)
• What is a suspension


  •Finely divided (powdered) drug suspended

  in a suitable liquid (generally aqueous)

  •Drug particles (10 - 50 mm) are insoluble in the liquid - opaque

  •Shake before use

  •Ensures uniformity of product

  •Administration of proper dose

  •Useful to administer large amounts of solid drug

  •Rapid dissolution within GI tract
• What is a solution?


  Dissolved drug in a liquid (usually aq)

  
  

  Drug is available for immediate absorption (no need for digesting and dissolution)
• What's the difference between an elixir and syrup?


  •Elixirs

  -Drug dissolved in a sweetened vehicle containing both water and alcohol

  •

  •Syrups

  -Drug dissolved in a sucrose solution
• What is a parenteral route?


  •Drug administered by injection

  •Routes

  -Intravenous (IV)

  -Intramuscular (IM)

  -Subcutaneous (SC)

  -Intradermal (ID)
• What are some injectables?


  •Sterile solution

  •Solvent can be water or vegetable oil

  •

  •Sterile suspensions and emulsions

  •Continuous phase can be water or oil

  
  

  •Sterile implants

  -sc, im

  weeks to months
• What are ointments/ creams/ lotions?


  •Semisolid preparations

  •Drug contained in a suitable base

  •Choice of base depends on

  -Staying qualities after application

  -Texture

  -Desired drug release