finals funda

• School Age (6 to 12 years old)


  • Starts at 6 years of age
  • Ends at about 12 years, with the onset of puberty
• Industry vs Inferiority

  Freud: Latency Stage
• Concrete operations


  According to Piaget, ages 7 to 11 years mark the phase of
• During this stage, the child changes from egocentric interactions to cooperative interactions
• Moral Development Stages


  • Preconventional level (punishment and obedience)
  • Instrumental-relativist orientation
  • Good Boy - nice girl stage
  • Law and order orientation
• Mythic-literal stage


  According to Fowler, school stage is at stage 2
• Children learn to distinguish fantasy from facts
• Spiritual Facts


  Beliefs that are accepted by a religious group
• Fantasy


  Thoughts and images formed in the child's mind
• Adolescence (12 to 18 years old)


  • Period during which an individual becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires a personal identity
  • Puberty - first stage of adolescence in which sexual organs begins to grow and mature
  • Menarche - onset of menstruation
  • Ejaculation - expulsion of semen
• Physical Development


  • Sudden and dramatic physical changes
  • Referred to as adolescent growth spurt
  • Boys: growth spurt begins at 12 and 16
  • Girls: growth spurt begins at 10 and 14
• Glandular Changes


  • Eccrine Glands - sweat
  • Apocrine Glands - develop in the axillae
  • Sebaceous Glands - active under the influence of androgens; sebum
• Sexual Characteristics


  • Primary Sexual Characteristics - relate to organs necessary for reproduction
  • Secondary Sexual Characteristics - differentiate the male from the female but do not relate directly to reproduction
• Identity vs role confusion

  Psychosocial Development
• Peer Groups

  • Sense of Belonging
  • Pride
  • Social Learning
  • Sexual Roles
• Health Risk Behaviors

  • Behaviors contributing to unintentional injury or violence
  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol or other drug use
  • Sexual activity that contributes to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Physical inactivity
  • Motor vehicle crashes
  • Other unintentional injuries (eg. falls, drowning, poisoning)
• Young Adults (20 to 40 years)


  • Typically busy people who face many challenges
  • Expected to assume new roles at work, in the home, and in the community
  • Develop interests, values, and attitudes related to these roles
• Physical Development

  • People in their early 20s are in their prime physical years
  • Human body is at its most efficient functioning at about age 25 years
  • Emerging or young adults, tend to be high-risk takers, placing their high-functioning bodies at substantial risk of serious injury
• Health Risks


  • Injury and Violence
  • Suicide
  • Hypertension
  • Substance Abuse
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Eating Disorders
  • Malignancies
• Middle-Aged Adults (40 to 65 years)


  • Maturity - state of maximal function and integration, or the state of being fully developed
• Physical Development


  • Menopause - so called change of life in women
  • Hot flashes, chilliness, a tendency of the breasts to become smaller and less dense, and a decrease in metabolic rate that may lead to weight gain
  • Insomnia and headaches may also occur
  • Climacteric (andropause) - change in sexual response in men
  • Androgen levels decrease very slowly
• Older Adults (85 to 100 years)


  • Ageism - used to describe negative attitudes toward aging or older adults
  • Discrimination based solely on age
• Disengagement Theory


  Proposed that aging involves mutual withdrawal (disengagement) between the older person and others in the older person's environment
• Activity Theory


  The best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally
• Continuity Theory


  Proposes that people maintain their values, habits, and behavior in old age
• Retirement


  • Ability to retire at the age of 65 is becoming increasingly more challenging for older adults based on the changes within the US labor force
  • Economic Change
  • Relocation
  • Maintaining Independence and Self-Esteem
  • Facing Death and Grieving
• Health Problems


  • Injuries
  • Chronic Disabling Illness
  • Drug Abuse and Misuse
  • Alcoholism
  • Dementia
  • Mistreatment of Older Adults
• Nutrition


  Sum of all interactions between an organism and the food it consumes
• 3 Major Functions of Nutrition


  • Provide energy for body process and movement
  • Provide structural material for body tissues
  • Regulates the body process
• Essential Nutrients


  • Water
  • Macronutrients - Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein
  • Micronutrients - Vitamins, Minerals
• Two Basic Types of Carbohydrates


  • Junk Foods / Glucose
  • Complex Carbohydrates (Healthy Foods such as nuts, berries, bananas, etc. / Starch & Fiber)
• Carbohydrate Digestion


  1. Digestion begins at mouth; mechanical and chemical digestion

  2. Major enzymes - salivary amylase

  3. End product - glucose/monosaccharides

  4. Absorbed in small intestine
• Carbohydrate Metabolism


  • Carbohydrate - glucose = circulate in blood
  • Stored as glycogen (large polymer of glucose) / fat
  • Stored in Liver and Skeletal Muscle
• Two Categorized of Amino Acids


  • Essential Amino Acids - cannot be manufactured in body
  • Non Essential Amino Acids - body can manufactured
• Essential Amino Acids


  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tryptophan
  • Threonine
  • Valine
• Non Essential Amino Acids


  • Alanine
  • Aspartic Acid
  • Cystine
  • Glutamic Acid
  • Glycine
  • Hydroxyproline
  • Proline
  • Serine
  • Tyrosine
• Two Types of Protein

  • Complete Protein - contain all essential amino acids
  • Incomplete Protein - vegetables; lack one or more essential amino
• Protein Digestion


  1. Begins in mouth

  2. Enzyme pepsin (breaks down into smaller)

  3. Mostly in small intestine

  4. Pancreas - proteolytic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

  5. Glands in intestinal wall - aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase
• Protein Metabolism


  • Anabolism - building tissue
  • Catabolism- breaking down
  • Nitrogen Balance - measure of degree of protein anabolism & catabolism / (net result of intake & loss of nitrogen)
• Lipids


  • Fats - lipids solid at room temperature
  • Oils - lipids liquid at room temperature