PSY LT 1 - FINALS

• Relationships - "The way in which two or more people, groups, countries, etc., talk to, behave toward, and deal with each other.” The definition is extended to include “the way in which two or more people or things are connected.
• Types of Relationship

  1. Romantic
  2. Friendly
  3. Business Transactional
  4. Professional
  5. Family
• Personal Relationship - The type of relationship which is closely associated with a person and which can only have meaning to this person
• Privacy and intimacy - are two characteristics that define the personal relationships.
• Attachment Styles

  1. Secure
  2. Avoidant
  3. Anxious-Ambivalent
• Secure Attachment -

  •Primary caregiver is most of the time present and available and when all the emotional needs of an infant are met, providing a sense of security to the infant

  •A child who is exposed to this style of attachment will grow up to have more secure and stable relationships.
• Avoidant Attachment -

  •Primary caregiver is cold and detached, and even unresponsive to a child’s needs

  •Child senses rejection and this often leads to premature detachment and self-reliance

  •A person who experienced this style of attachment in infancy and childhood will oftentimes experience unstable relationships in the future.
• Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment -

  • primary caregiver is not consistent in terms of presence and in meeting a child’s emotional needs.

  • a person who experienced this style of attachment in childhood may develop separation anxieties with a loved one, or may have mixed feelings between hesitancy and commitment when entering into meaningful relationships.
• Attraction - is the first stage in a continuum of stages that lead to intimacy and commitment.
• The attraction is primarily based on physiology or certain hormones that persons who get attracted to others often pick up with their noses.
• Lust - Driven by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen. These hormones affect both sexes.
• Attraction - Described as the love-struck phase, which involves neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This is the stage when a person loses sleep and appetite over someone and swoons while daydreaming of this special person.
• Attachment - Couples in love enter this stage when they decide to continue with the relationship long-lasting commitments are exchanged, and may lead to raising a family. Special hormones are also secreted during this stage.
• Oxytocin - which is released during childbirth to help in breastfeeding and during orgasm, is believed to promote intimacy;
• Vasopressin - which promotes long-term relationships.
• TRANSFERENCE - There are times we meet people who we immediately like or dislike. Usually, these people remind us of someone in the past who has affected our sense of self and our behavior (Andersen, Reznik, and Manzella, as cited in Larsen et al. 2008).
• PROPINQUITY - We often develop a sense of familiarity with people who live close to us, work with us, or go to school with us, which leads us to liking them more. People we are familiar with make us feel safe and secure. Because we can predict their behavior, we find people who we are familiar with more likeable than others (Borstein; Moreland and Zajonc; Zajonc, as cited in Larsen et al. 2008). (Proximity)
• SIMILARITY - We often like people who we have similarities with, such as social class background, religious beliefs, age, and education. We are often attracted to likeminded persons and those who have similar beliefs and values as ours, because the similarity is a validation of our innermost values and belief system, and who we are as a person.
• RECIPROCITY - We like people who like us back. According to research, reciprocity is a stronger basis for liking another person than similarity. The more we are liked by someone we equally like, the more we behave in ways that promote mutual feelings of liking. Research by Curtis and Miller (as cited in Larsen et al. 2008) found out that when we express our liking for another, oftentimes, this would elicit a pleasant behavior and mutual liking from the other person
• PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS - connotes positive health and reproductive fitness, which are both essential to human survival.The physical features that are usually found attractive are average facial features, which are found to be a component of beauty; higher cheekbones; thinner jaws; and larger eyes.
• Personality Characteristics and Traits - People get attracted to two characteristics that lead to liking the other person, these are: o empathic persons, who exude warmth and sympathy and who are also optimistic and maintain positive views; and o socially competent persons, who are good communicators and enjoy good conversations. Other personality traits found desirable in almost all cultures are having a happy and cheerful disposition, poised and can present themselves well, outgoing, and sexually warm and responsive
• Social Relationships - expand the relationships of adolescents to a wider group of people such as school authorities, neighbors, community acquaintances, fellow members of social organizations, strangers you often meet casually in social gatherings, and even the small groupings of friends in school, usually referred to as cliques.
• Social relationships - tend to be less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved, but may still be exclusive
• Goleman's Social Intelligence Theory - Daniel Goleman, author of the book Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (2006), explained how our brains are wired to connect with other people, and how part of the human brain located just above the eyes, called the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), is connected directly to the three major regions of the brain: the cortex, the amygdala, and the brain stem.
• LOBOTOMY - to help grossly disturbed patients with schizophrenia, manic depression and mania (bipolar disorder), and other mental illnesses.
• Neuroscience - plays a key role in to the way we experience and handle emotions, stress, and even the way we are attracted to other people
• Social influence - as things such as behavior, actions, attitude, concepts, ideas, communication wealth, and other resources that bring about changes in the beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons as a result of the action/s of another person.
• 3 Types of Social Influence Herbert Kelman

  1. Compliance
  2. Identification
  3. Internalization
• Compliance - is when a person seems to agree, and follows what is requested or required of him or her to do or believe in, but does not necessarily have to really believe or agree to it;
• Identification - is when a person is influenced by someone he or she likes or looks up to, like a movie star, a social celebrity, or a superhero
• Internalization - is when a person is able to own a certain belief or act, and is willing to make it known publicly and privately
• Conformity - Type of social influence that involves a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence.
• Two varieties of conformity:

  -informational conformity ("internalization" in Kelman's terms)

  -normative conformity ("compliance" in Kelman's terms).
• Conformity is brought about by peer pressure, often imposed on the members of a group to demonstrate some semblance of loyalty, which is often deemed as necessary to maintain one's relationship with the group
• Conversion - occurs when an individual whole-heartedly changes his or her original thinking and beliefs, actions, and attitudes to align with those of the other members of a group.
• Minority influence - Happens when a bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller number of people and when the minority's way of looking at and doing things are accepted. This may happen when the minority owns and wields power economically, politically, and socially, or if the majority are uninvolved and detached from issues.
• Reactance - is when there is a willing rejection of a social influence being exerted on an individual or group. This is also known as anti- or nonconformity. Reactance is a reverse reaction to some social influence that is being imposed by a person or a group on another.
• Obedience - A person follows what someone tells him or her to do, although it may not necessarily reflect the person's set of beliefs or values. Similar to compliance, obedience usually stems from either respect or fear of the authority figure.
• A leader - was often typecast as someone who is the head of a group of people
• Leadership - as inferred from the writing of Chester Barnard, is the ability of a person in position of authority to influence others to behave in such a manner that goals are achieved (Novicevic, Harvey, Buckley, Brown, & Evans, 2006)