ANAPHY

• Chemistry


  The scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo
• Mass


  Amount of matter in an object
• Weight


  Gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
• Element


  The simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties or characteristics
• Elements that make up 96% of the body’s weight

  • CHON
  • Na
  • Ca
  • K
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element; “indivisible”
• Three major types of subatomic particles

  • Neutron
  • Proton
  • Electron
• Neutron


  Has no electrical charge
• Proton


  Has a positive charge
• Electron


  Has a negative charge
• Atomic number


  The number of protons or the number of electrons
• Mass number


  Sum of the number of protons/electrons and number of neutrons
• Nucleus


  Formed by the protons and the neutrons; 99.97% of the atomic mass
• Electron cloud


  Where electrons are most likely to be found
• Chemical bonding


  Occurs when the outermost electrons are shared or transferred between atoms
• Types of chemical bonding

  • Ionic bonding
  • Covalent bonding
• Ionic bonding


  The transfer (sharing or gaining) of electrons
• Ion


  A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons
• Covalent bonding


  The sharing of electrons
• Molecule


  Resulting combination of atoms from covalent bonding
• Types of covalent bonds

  • Single covalent bond
  • Double covalent bond
  • Polar covalent bond
  • Non-polar covalent bond
• Single covalent bond


  Sharing of one pair of electrons
• Double covalent bond


  Sharing of two pairs of electrons
• Polar covalent bond


  Unequal and asymmetrical sharing of electrons
• Non-polar covalent bond


  Equal and symmetrical sharing of electrons
• Polar molecules


  Have asymmetrical electrical charge
• Non-polar molecules


  Have symmetrical electrical charge
• Hydrogen bond


  The attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
• A polar molecule has a positive end and a negative end
• Molecule


  Formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
• Compound


  Substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
• Dissociation


  When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate from each other
• Electrolytes


  Dissociated ions
• Classification of chemical reactions

  • Synthesis reaction
  • Decomposition reaction
  • Exchange reaction
• Synthesis reaction


  Two or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product
• Decomposition reaction


  Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products
• Exchange reaction


  Combination of a synthesis reaction and a decomposition reaction
• Equilibrium


  Rate of product formation = rate of reactant formation
• Energy


  The capacity to do work or to move matter
• Subdivisions of energy


  • Potential energy
  • Kinetic energy