Module 5

• Artificial defines "man-made,"
• intelligence defines "thinking power"
• Artificial Intelligence as the branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge
• Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
• Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).
• Machine learning the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience.
• The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959
• Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
• The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called deep learning.
• The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
• The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time highlevel computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
• The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA
• The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named WABOT-1
• The first AI winter (1974-1980) The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches. During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
• A boom of AI (1980-1987) The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert. In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011) The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
• The second AI winter (1987-1993) The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.
• The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
• The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
• The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
• The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
• The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• • Levels of AI Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
• General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
• Reactive Machines Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Limited Memory These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
• Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
• AI tools and platforms AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software framework (including application frameworks), that allows the software to run.
• Big data refers to huge amounts of data. Big data requires innovative forms of information processing to draw insights, automate processes, and help decision making. Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a formal pattern, such as traditional data sets and databases.