infection + response

• COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
• What is pathogen?


  A microorganism that causes disease
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists
• What is a pathogens life cycle?

  Infect the host

  Reproduce

  Spread

  Infect other hosts
• What are viruses?


  Has proteins which match receptors on certain cells. They are NOT ALIVE.
• How does a virus enter the body?

  Enters a cell and inserts it's DNA. It infects the cell and uses the viral genes to reproduce quickly. Cell is destroyed and virus spreads
• What is a bacterial disease?


  Releases toxins that make us feel ill/ damage cells and tissues
• How does the bacterial disease divide rapidly?

  From binary fission
• Binary fission process

  
• Four phases of bacterial growth

  lag, log, stationary, death

  
• What does a fungal cell not contain?

  Chloroplasts = no photosynthesis
• Fungal disease cell


  Prefers moist + warm conditions

  
• The protist disease cycle

  
• What are the symptoms of protist diseases?

  Tiredness, headaches, vomiting, fever
• How to prevent getting malaria?

  Mosquito nets, spray, and avoid stagnent water (pond water)
• What types of diseases are toxins?


  Salmonella and gonorrhoea
• What type of disease is a virus?

  AIDS
• What are the symptoms of salmonella?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
• What are the symptoms for gonorrhoea?


  Painful urinating, yellow/green discharge
• What are the symptoms for AIDS?

  The flu
• How do you treat Salmonella?

  Vaccination
• How do you treat AIDS?

  Antiretroviral drugs
• How do you treat gonorrhoea?


  Antibiotics
• What are the three 'line of defence' against infection by pathogens?

  Barriers, phagocytes and lymphocytes
• What is the eyes defence system?

  Contains antiseptics in tears
• What is the noses defence system?


  Nose hairs produce mucus stopping pathogens
• What is the blood clots defence system?

  Form blood clots at the site of the wound to form a scab
• What is the stomachs defence system?

  HCl acid
• What is the skins defence system?

  It is prone to attack pathogens
• Primary and Secondary response to pathogens

  
• How do vaccinations work?


  1) They contain a weakened form of the pathogen (contains a specific antigen)

  2) The pathogen cannot multiply

  3) WBCs make a specific ANTIBODY do immune system is ready for when the 'real' pathogen attacks
• What is herd community?


  If most people are vaccinated in an area there is less change NON-IMMUNE people get the virus
• ANTIBIOTICS AND PAINKILLERS
• What drugs are used to kill pathogens?


  Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals
• What drugs are used for symptom relievers?


  Aspirin, paracetamol, morphine
• What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?


  Antibiotic which kills MANY species of bacteria
• What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?


  Antibiotic which kills a FEW species of bacteria
• How does pencillin work?


  Makes the cell walls of the bacteria weaker so they are easily killed
• Who were the three scientists which discovered penicillin?

  Flemming, Chain, Florey
• How did they do this?