Gov Chapter 8 and 9

• Affirmative action


  The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups regarded as disadvantaged or subject to discrimination
• Citizens


  A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized
• De jure segregation


  The legal separation of groups of people based on law
• De facto segregation


  People are segregated into separate areas by fact rather than by law or policy
• Denaturalization


  Deprive someone of citizenship in a country
• Equal Protection Clause


  A governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws
• Expatriation


  A person who lives outside their native country
• Immigrants


  A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
• Jim Crow Laws


  State and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation
• Jus sanguinis


  A principle of nationality law by which nationality is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents
• Jus solis


  A rule of law that a child's citizenship is determined by his or her place of birth
• Naturalization


  The admittance of a foreigner to the citizenship of a country
• Reverse discrimination


  The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously
• Segregation


  The action or state of setting someone or something apart from others
• Separate-but-equal doctrine


  Racial segregation did not necessarily violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which nominally guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people
• Title IX


  Prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities
• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) - Found that making it illegal for a married couple to use birth control violated that married couple's right to privacy
• Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) - Found that single people also had the right to contraceptives
• Roe v. Wade 1973 - Legality of Abortion
• Post-Roe v. Wade: SCOTUS found...
• Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce
• Citizenship in the United States and Natural-Born Citizens are Naturalized Citizens
• The Constitution does not directly declare the equality of all persons. Yet the concept runs through the entire document.
• Government can and does make distinctions between groups of people
• Reasonable distinctions

  Distinctions that serve a proper governmental purpose
• It would not be reasonable to tax only blond smokers
• The Supreme Court is especially careful when considering laws involving basic rights, such as the right to vote
• The Supreme Court has held that governments need a very strong reason to make distinctions involving sex, national origin, or race
• Governments are able to make distinctions between groups of people when they are reasonable and serve a purpose to the government
• The government is especially careful when discussing topics like the equal rights all Americans have, because they don't want to take away these rights
• Segregation


  The separation of one group from another
• Texas v Johnson


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment
• Mapp v Ohio


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained through an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in court, strengthening the Fourth Amendment
• Miranda v Arizona


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that suspects must be informed of their rights to silence and legal counsel before being interrogated by police
• Gideon v Wainwright


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel is a fundamental right and must be provided to anyone facing criminal charges, even if they cannot afford a lawyer
• Griswold v Connecticut


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees a right to privacy, particularly in matters concerning marriage and family life
• Roe v Wade


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, although this right must be balanced against the state's interests
• Plessey v Ferguson


  A case where the Supreme Court upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine, effectively permitting state-sponsored segregation, which was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education
• Dred Scott v Sandford


  A case where the Supreme Court ruled that as an African American, Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue in federal court, and that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in U.S. territories
• Equal protection


  All Americans have equal rights, get citizenship by being born in the US, and can't be taken away without due process