DRRR

• Fire triangle


  The three elements required for fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen
• Fire is considerably a friend, but once fire is not controlled it could be one of our greatest enemies
• Irresponsibility may lead to disaster, and everything may change as fast as a split of a second
• Ancient Greeks considered fire as one of their major elements


  Like water, earth and air
• Fuel


  • Any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas
  • Combustion takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed
  • This happens when vapor is escaping from any combustible material
• Natural causes of fire

  • Lightning
  • Volcanic activities
  • Spontaneous combustion
• Fire is considerably a friend, but once fire is not controlled it could be one of our greatest enemies. Irresponsibility may lead to disaster, and everything may change as fast as a split of a second.
• Based on the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), an average of 42 fire incidents were recorded from year 2013 to 2017.
• Fire


  The rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermal chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products
• Fire triangle


  • Fuel
  • Heat
  • Oxygen

  
• Fuel


  Any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed.
• Heat


  An energy that flows through object. Enough amount of heat would free the vapor from solid and liquid forms of fuel. The lowest temperature needed to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid is called the flash point.
• Oxygen


  An element, estimated 21% of it can be found in the air. During combustion process chemical reaction takes place. Oxygen is released and serves as an oxidizing agent for combustible materials.
• Theory of fire extinguishment


  1. Removing the heat

  2. Removing the fuel

  3. Removing the oxygen
• Removing the heat


  Lowering the temperature, usually accomplished by adding water as an extinguishing agent. Other extinguishing agents include chemical and mechanical foams.
• Removing the fuel


  In most cases, removing the fuel from the fire is not a practical way of extinguishing fire except when dealing with flammable liquid fires, valves can be shut off and storage vessels pumped to safe areas to help eliminate the supply of fuel to the fire.
• Removing the oxygen


  Accomplished by separating it from the fuel source or by displacing it with other gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and steam. Examples of separation would be foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet blanket on a trash fire, or a tight-fitting lid on a skillet fire.
• Natural causes of fire


  • Lightning
  • Volcanic activities
  • Spontaneous combustion
• Human-made causes of fire


  • Machinery sparks
  • Cast-away cigarette butts
  • Kaingin
  • Arson
• Common causes of housefire


  • Cooking equipment
  • Heaters
  • Smoking in bedrooms
  • Candles
  • Curious children
  • Faulty wiring
  • Barbeques
  • Flammable liquids
  • Lighting
• Cooking safety


  1. Do not leave your cooking unattended

  2. Keep handles of pots and pans turned in

  3. Do not put anything that catches fire near your stove or burner

  4. Cover the fire by placing a lid over the pan

  5. Turn off the burner or stove

  6. In case of oven fire, turn off the heat and keep the door closed

  7. In case of microwave fire, unplug the power source and keep the door closed
• Cigarette safety


  1. Do not smoke in bed or anywhere that you might fall asleep

  2. If you smoke, do it outside

  3. Do not discard cigarettes in potted plants, landscaping vegetation or bark dust

  4. Use a deep, sturdy ashtray or a non-combustible container that cannot be tipped over

  5. Before throwing away butts or ashes, douse in water or sand

  6. Never smoke in a home where oxygen is used
• Electrical safety


  1. Avoid overloading outlets

  2. Don't use an extension cord with a major appliance

  3. Call a qualified electrician to inspect and fix the problem if a fuse blows or a circuit breaker trips often, light became dim, or outlets or switches became heated

  4. Check the wattage of the bulb to match the recommendation set by the lamp manufacturer

  5. Use power strips with circuit breakers carefully

  6. Install ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) and arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs)

  7. Do not place extension cords under carpets or mattresses

  8. Do regular checking of electrical cords and replace immediately if damaged
• Candle safety


  1. Use candle holders that are stable

  2. Keep candles at least 12 inches away from anything that can burn

  3. Blow out candles when you leave the room or go to bed

  4. Never burn a candle if medical oxygen or any flammable substance is nearby
• Spontaneous combustion


  Happens when a material can produce or accumulate its own heat and can cause increase in temperature without drawing heat from its surroundings. If the material reaches its ignition temperature, it will start to burn without any source of fire.
• Materials prone to spontaneous combustion


  • Oily rags
  • Hay
  • Other agricultural products
• Preventing spontaneous combustion


  1. Store oily rags in non-combustible (e.g. metal) container with lid closed

  2. Soak rags in water then spread them out in a safe outdoor area to dry prior to disposal
• Classes of fire


  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C
  • Class D
  • Class K

  
• Types of fire extinguishers


  • Water and Foam
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Dry Chemical
  • Wet Chemical
  • Clean Agent
  • Dry Powder
  • Water Mist

  
• Fire exit signs


  Colored green and white, show rapidly walking man and an arrow or 'fire exit' text in lower case letters
• Blue fire safety signs


  Indicate a mandatory action or a must do action, circular in shape and feature a white graphic or white text

  
• Red fire safety signs


  Indicate prohibition, or you must not go on that location because it might pose danger or harm. Also signify the location of fire equipment and supplementary information
• Fire safety signs


  Color coded for easier identification and determination which is mandatory, and which should be avoided
• Fire exit signs


  • Colored green and white, show rapidly walking man and an arrow, or just 'fire exit' text in lower case letters
• Blue fire safety signs


  • Used to indicate a mandatory action or a must do action, circular in shape and feature a white graphic or white text
• Red fire safety signs


  • Used to indicate prohibition, or the location of fire equipment and supplementary information, circular with a red border, white background, and black image

  
• Fire equipment signs


  • Square with red background and white images, used to tell you where to find the location of fire-fighting equipment

  
• The main causes of fire in the workplace are: Electricity, Rubbish and waste material, Smoking, Cooking, Heating appliances, Combustible materials, Arson or wilful fire-raising
• Fire Safety Precautions


  • Keeping workplace tidy and good housekeeping, Regularly removing combustible waste, Keeping ignition sources away from combustible material or flammable liquids and gases, Keeping use of flammable liquids to a minimum and closing containers when not in use
• R.A.C.E. Fire Response Procedure


  1. Rescue all stakeholders from direct danger

  2. Alarm by pulling the closest fire station and reporting the location of the fire

  3. Confine the area by closing all doors

  4. Extinguish the fire if the fire is small

  5. Evacuate all personnel from the area if instructed to do so by fire officials or school authorities