Management Info Final

• Data

  Raw material, unformatted information
• Information

  Processed data (meaningful)
• Knowledge

  Apply information to some decision or action, convey understanding, experience
• Collection of all passengers on a plane

  • Did this person make it on their plane, did it depart on time?
• Difficulties in Managing Data


  • Data increases exponentially with time
  • Multiple sources of data
  • Internal sources
  • External sources
  • New sources of data
  • Data rot, or data degradation
  • Data security, quality, and integrity
  • Government regulation
• Data governance

  Approach to managing information across an entire organization
• Master data management

  Creating a single master record for everything in a business, from internal and external data sources
• Master data

  Single version of truth, uniform set of identifiers and attributes that describe core enterprise like customers, suppliers, and sites
• The Data Hierarchy

  Data → information → knowledge
• The Relational Database Model

  Minimizes data redundancy, isolation, and inconsistency; maximizes data security, integrity, and independence
• Database Management Systems Minimize

  • Data redundancy
  • Data isolation
  • Data inconsistency
• Database Management Systems Maximize

  • Data security
  • Data integrity
  • Data independence
• Data Hierarchy

  • Bit
  • Byte: 8 bits
  • Field: collection of bytes, a column in DB table, one attribute of an entity
  • Record: a set of fields for an entity
  • Data file or table: collection of fields, a set of records
  • Database: collection of data files or table
• Key terms

  • Database management system
  • Relational database model
  • Entity
  • Instance
  • Attribute
  • Primary key
  • Foreign or secondary keys
• Big data

  Diverse, high-volume, high-velocity information assets that require new forms of processing to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery, and process optimization
• Characteristics of big data


  • Volume: big
  • Velocity: high
  • Variety: structured, unstructured, semi-structured
• Issues with big data

  • Untrusted data sources
  • Big data is dirty
  • Big data changes, especially in data streams
• Managing big data

  • When properly analyzed big data and reveal valuable patterns and information
  • Database environment
  • Traditional relational databases versus NoSGL databases
  • Open sources solutions
• Putting big data to use

  • Making big data available
  • Enabling organizations to conduct experiments
  • Microsegmentation of customers
  • Creating new business models
  • Organizations can analyze far more data
• Big data used in the functional areas of the organization

  • Human resources
  • Product development
  • Operations
  • Marketing
  • Government operations
• Data warehouse

  Stores data in a structured format
• Data mart

  A data warehouse that serves the needs of a specific business unit or department
• Knowledge management

  Process that helps manipulate important knowledge that comprises part of the organization's memory, usually in an unstructured format
• KMS Cycle


  1. Create

  2. Capture

  3. Refine

  4. Store

  5. Manage

  6. Disseminate knowledge
• Electronic commerce

  The process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet
• Electronic business

  A much broader concept than e-commerce, servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and performing electronic transactions within an organization
• Degree of digitization

  Adoption of digital tools and processes in your business to achieve strategic business goals
• Types of E-Commerce


  • Business to Customer, B2C
  • Business to Business, B2B
  • Consumer to consumer, C2C
  • Business to employee, B2E
  • E-Government
  • Mobile commerce (M-commerce)
  • Social commerce
  • Conversational commerce
• 1. Commerce Business Models

  • Online direct marketing
  • Electronic tendering system
  • Name-your-own price
  • Find-the-best-price
  • Affiliate marketing
  • Viral marketing
  • Group purchasing (e-coops)
  • Online auctions
  • Product customization
  • Electronic marketplaces
  • Bartering online
  • Deep discounters
  • Membership
• Major E-Commerce Marketplace

  • Electronic catalogs
  • Electronic auctions
  • E-storefronts
  • E-malls
  • E-marketplaces
• Electronic Payment Mechanism

  • Electronic checks (e-checks)
  • Electronic cards
  • Electronic credit cards
  • Virtual credit cards
  • Purchasing cards
  • Stored-value money cards
  • EMV Smart cards
  • Bitcoins
• How E-Credit Cards work

  1. Customer to merchant

  2. Merchant to Clearinghouse

  3. Clearinghouse to card issue's bank

  4. Bank okays or declines it and sends back to clearinghouse

  5. Clearinghouse sends that information to the merchant

  6. Merchant provides customer with good or service

  7. Card issuer bank send to merchant's bank

  8. Merchant's bank sends check to merchant
• Benefits of E-Commerce

  • National and international markets are more accessible
  • Lowers costs of processing, distributing, and retrieving information
  • Provides access to a vast number of products and services 24/7
  • Deliver information, services, and products to people in cities, rural areas, and developing countries
• Limitations of E-Commerce

  • Lack of universally accepted security standards
  • In less-developed countries, telecommunications bandwidth is often insufficient, and Web access is expensive
  • Perceptions that e-commerce is insecure
  • Unresolved legal issues
  • Lacks a critical mass of buyers and sellers
• B2C Electronic Commerce

  • Electronic storefronts and malls
  • Electronic retailing (e-tailing)
  • Electronic storefront
  • Electronic mall
  • Online service industries
  • Disintermediation
  • Cyberbanking
  • Online securities trading
  • The online job market
  • Travel services
  • Online advertising
• Advertising Methods

  • Banners
  • Pop-up ads
  • Pop-under ads: under initial screen
  • Spamming
  • Permission marketing: double opt-in subscription
  • Viral marketing: social media viral
• Business to Business (B2B) Electronic Commerce

  • Sell-side marketplace
  • Buy-side marketplace
  • Procurement
  • Purchasing
  • Reverse auction
  • E-procurement
  • Group purchasing
  • Electronic exchanges
• Three basic types of public exchanges

  • Vertical exchanges
  • Horizontal exchanges
  • Functional exchanges
• Ethical and Legal Issues in E-Business

  • Threats to privacy
  • Potential job loss
  • Fraud on the Internet
  • Domain names
  • Cybersquatting
  • Taxes and other fees
  • Copyright
• Customer Relationship Management System (CRM)

  Customer focused and customer driven organizational strategy, not a process of technology but a way to think of the customer