Animal Tissues and Organ Systems+Skeletal System

• Stem cells are unspecialized cells that either divide to produce more stem cells or differentiate into one of the specialized cells that characterize specific body parts.
• An adult human has about 200 different kinds of cells in their body
• Epithelial tissues are sheetlike layers of cells with little extracellular matric between them.
• Epithelial tissues are typically described by their shape(eg. squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostontified, ciliated, etc. )
• Microvilli increase the surface area across which substances can be detected by, absorbed into, or secreted from the cell.
• Gland cells secrete substances that function outside the cell.
• Exocrine Glands have ducts or that deliver their secretions onto an internal or external surface.
• Endocrine glands do not have ducts. They release signaling molecules called hormones into a body fluid.
• A carcinoma is an epithelial cell cancer.
• Tight junctions connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells so securely that fluids cannot seep between the cells.
• Collagen is the most abundant protein in an animal body.
• Loose connective tissue is the most abundant in vertebrates and is found in the dermis of the skin, the lining of the lungs, and the walls of blood vessels.
• In dense, irregular connective tissue, fibroblasts lie among randomly arranged collagen fibers.
• Adipose tissue consists mainly of cells that make and store triglycerides.
• Cartilage has a matric of collagen fibers and rubbery, compression-resistsant glycoproteins.
• Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue that is made up of osteocytes and osteoblasts. Bone cells secrete and are surrounded by a collagen-rich matrics hardened by calcium and phosphorus.
• Blood cells(eg. WBC, RBC, Platelets) is the fluid in the circulatory system that transports oxygen in the system, defend the body from pathogens, and help with blood clotting.
• Muscle tissues contract in response to signals from nervous tissue. ATP provides the energy that fuels the contractions.
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue pulls on bones to move body parts, contractions are voluntrary, and is the major source of body heat.
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue contracts involuntarily to pump blood to the body and lungs. They have a far greater supply of mitochondria to keep the continually beating heart supplied with ATP.
• Neurons are the signaling cells in nervous tissue.
• Neuroglia cells are cells that supports and assists neurons.
• Nervous tissue are animal tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia; detects stimuli and controls responses to them.
• Nervous system is the main control center. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are a part of this system.
• Endocrine system consists of hormone-secreting endocrine glands and cells. Works closely with the nervous system.
• Muscular system consists of individual muscles that move parts of the body. Also plays an important role in regulation of body temperature by generating heat.
• Skeletal system serves as the body's framework and supports the body's weight. Bones are the main organ. It serves as a point of attachment for skeletal muscles, stores minerals and produces blood cells.
• Circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. Cooperates with the digestive, respiratory and urinary systems in transporting oxygen and nutrients as well as clearing away wastes.
• Lymphatic system is a network of vessels that transports lymph from tissues to the blood
• The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. The lungs and its airways are the main organs.
• Digestive system ingests food, breaks it down ,delivers nutrients to the blood, and eliminates undigested wastes. Organs include the stomach, esophagus, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
• Urinary system maintains volume and composition of blood; excretes excess fluid and wastes.
• Integumentary system protects the body from injury, dehydration, pathogens; moderates temperature; excretes some waste; detects external stimuli.
• Reproductive system includes gamete-making organs (avories and testes) and ducts through which the gametes travel.
• Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium with an abundance of adhering junctions and no extracellular matrix.
• Keratinocytes are epithelial cells that synthesize the waterproofing protein keratin.
• Melanocytes make pigments called melanins and donate them to keratinocytes.
• Melanin functions as a sunscreen, absorbing UV radiation that could damage DNA and other biological molecules.
• Dermis consists of dense connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels running through it.
• Sweat glands produce sweat which is a mixture of water, salt and urea which help cool the body.