biopsych quiz 1

• Hunger


  A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat
• Eating


  The act of putting food in the mouth and chewing it
• Should we feel hunger before eating or can we start eating even without the feeling of hunger?
• Purpose of hunger


  To induce eating, increase the probability of eating
• Purpose of eating


  To supply the body with necessary nutrients and energy to function and to sustain life
• Hunger and eating a cyclical process?

  
• Brain damage


  An injury to the brain caused by various conditions such as head trauma, inadequate oxygen supply, infections, or intracranial hemorrhage

  
• Digestion


  1. Chewing

  2. Saliva

  3. Swallowing and moving down esophagus

  4. Stomach breaks down food

  5. Small intestine - Absorption

  6. Duodenum - Break down proteins, starches, simple sugars, fats

  7. Final absorption and excretion

  
• Brain damage may be associated with a behavioral or functional abnormality
• Ways the brain can be damaged


  • Head trauma
  • Inadequate oxygen supply
  • Infections
  • Intracranial hemorrhage

  
• Gut microbiome


  Bacteria and other organisms that live inside our gastrointestinal track and help break down the food we ingest
• Brain tumor


  A neoplasm, a group of cells growing independently from the rest of the body
• Gas formation and flatulence


  • Breakdown of food and subsequent fermentation during the process of digestion results in gas formation
  • Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane
  • Hydrogen and methane are by-products of the breakdown of food residue by good bacteria (probiotics) naturally residing in the colon
• Types of brain tumors


  • Encapsulated (grow within own membrane)
  • Infiltrating (grow diffusely through surrounding tissue)
  • Gliomas (originate from glial cells, often infiltrating)
  • Meningiomas (grow in the meninges, encapsulated and benign)
  • Metastatic (originate in one organ and spread to another)

  
• SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)


  An imbalance of the microorganisms in your gut that maintain healthy digestion. When too many bacteria, or the wrong kind, populate the small intestine, it can lead to uncomfortable symptoms such as gas and diarrhea
• Stroke


  A cerebrovascular disorder of sudden onset, either caused by a cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral ischemia
• Energy (three forms)


  • Lipids
  • Amino acids
  • Glucose
• Infarct


  An area of dead or dying tissue surrounded by penumbra
• Ischemic brain damage takes a while to develop, does not occur equally in all regions of the brain, and has varying physiological mechanisms

  
• Energy storage (three forms)


  • Fats (preferred)
  • Glycogen
  • Protein
• Excessive release of excitatory amino acids (glutamate)


  Can kill postsynaptic cells during ischemia

  
• Glucose


  • The main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells
  • Simplest carbohydrates - monosaccharides
  • Saccharides are also known as carbohydrates

  
• Cerebrovascular disorders


  • Narrowing of the carotid artery
  • The cascade of events by which ischemia-induced release of glutamate kills neurons

  
• Contusion


  Injury includes bleeding without laceration, results in hematoma, caused by brain hitting skull, can be contrecoup (on other side of brain from blow)
• Glycogen


  The stored form of glucose, made up of many connected glucose molecules. It is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle

  
• Concussion


  When a blow to the head disrupts consciousness, with no evidence of contusion or other structural damage, effects can last many years, can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy
• Lipids


  • Any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers
  • The four main groups of lipids include: fatty acids, glycerides, nonglyceride lipids, and complex lipids
• Closed-head injuries


  • Contusion
  • Concussion
  • Subdural hematoma
• Adipose tissue


  A specialized connective tissue consisting of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. Its main function is to store energy in the form of lipids (fat)
• Types of brain infections


  • Bacterial (treated with antibiotics, can cause meningitis, brain abscesses, general paresis)
  • Viral (some preferentially attack CNS, may play a role in etiology of many disorders, can be dormant)
• Energy metabolism


  • The general process by which living cells acquire and use the energy needed to stay alive, to grow, and to reproduce
  • Metabolism comprises a series of interconnected pathways that can function in the presence or absence of oxygen. Aerobic metabolism converts one glucose molecule into 30-32 ATP molecules

  
• Causes of neurotoxicity


  • Heavy metals
  • Drugs to treat neurological or psychiatric disorders
  • Endogenous (antibodies against CNS components)
  • Genetic factors
• Three phases of energy metabolism


  • Cephalic
  • Absorptive
  • Fasting
• Down Syndrome


  Characteristics include disfigurement, intellectual impairments, and medical complications, caused by an extra 21st chromosome
• Cephalic phase


  The cerebral (or cephalic) phase of digestion, whether triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food, initiates the digestive process with the salivary and gastric secretory responses mediated via the autonomic nervous system (usually mediated by the vagus nerve)

  
• Apoptosis


  Programmed cell death, occurs in cells that are dysfunctional, more adaptive than necrosis, nucleus is impacted early in process
• Absorptive phase


  The absorptive state, or the fed state, occurs after a meal when your body is digesting the food and absorbing the nutrients (catabolism exceeds anabolism). During this phase, anabolic processes use glucose in a variety of ways like converting it to glycogen or fat

  
• Necrosis


  Neuron dies passively due to injury, can cause inflammation, nucleus is impacted late in process
• Fasting phase


  The fasting state lasts from about 18 hours to 2 days of fasting. At some point during this state, your body enters ketosis, a metabolic state in which fats are broken down and used as an energy source
• Epilepsy


  Seizures recur spontaneously, can involve convulsions, changes in thought/mood/behavior, and epileptic spikes in EEG