Geo finals

• Site investigation


  The exploration or discovery of the ground conditions to enable engineers to make informed design decisions.
• suitability


  to assess the general suitability of a site and its environs for the proposed work
• Design 


  to enable and adequate and economic design, including for temporary works
• Construction


  To plan the best method of construction and for some projects, identify sources of suitable materials such as concrete aggregate and fill and to locate sites for disposal of waste
• Effects of changes


  To consider ground and environmental changes on the works to assess the impact of the works on adjacent properties and on the environment.
• Choice of site


  Where appropriate, to identify alternative sites or to allow optimal planning of the works
• Geological structure of the area


  Extensive and intensive geological surveys would reveal entire topographic features, occurrence of folds, faults, significant unconformities, joint systems, and geomorphic characteristics of water bodies.
• Lithology of the area


  Lithological details include the types of rocks found in various places, as well as their textures, structures, and physical and engineering properties including hardness, strength, etc.
• Ground water conditions in the region


  The relative position of the water table is crucial for the stability of a structure, as it determines to a great extent the design and cost of the structure.
• Seismicity of the region


  In several occasions, locations previously designated seismically safe experienced severe seismic activity, resulting in disasters.
• Surface Explorations


  Field surveys typically begin with the preparation of topographic maps, which show elevation contours relative to a datum, if they are not already available using standard mapping techniques.
• aerial surveys


  imaged using sophisticated cameras and controls from low-flying airplanes
• photogeology


  The scope of it is expanded by mapping wide regions of the world through satellites
• hydrogeological surveys


  the investigation aims to gather hydrogeological data on a specific area by recording drainage patterns, discharge details, spring and leakage site locations, and observing changes over time.
• Subsurface explorations


  These are accomplished by following two broad methods: direct and indirect
• Direct method


  The process involves examining underground rocks or materials through digging drill holes, trial pits, shafts, galleries, and exploratory tunnels.
• Indirect method


  The application of geophysical techniques is widely used to obtain a precise understanding of subsurface geology
• open excavations


  A 2 to 5 meter excavation at a site to explore shallow depths. This method can be used to test all soil types.
• Borings


  In this method, holes are drilled into the ground to collect soil or rock samples from certain depths.
• Auger boring


  A soil auger is pushed down or drilled into the ground and taken away when it is fully loaded with soil.
• Auger and shell boring


  The sidewall of the hole drilled in the ground is supported by a cylinder casing or "shell". This method is suitable for soft and stiff clays and sandy soils.
• Wash boring


  This is a fast and simple method of drilling holes in the ground except from boulders and rocks which cannot be penetrated.
• Percussion drilling


  a heavy drill bit suspended on a cable is used to push through soils and boulders at intervals.
• Rotary drilling


  This method is usually used to form deep boreholes in both rocks and soils.
• Subsurface sounding


  This method of soil exploration is carried out to measure the soil resistance under static or dynamic loading with the use of a soil penetrometer.
• Geophysical Methods 


  These operations are non-invasive. Used to determine the soil underneath physical and natural anomalies like caves and voids or hidden items like pipelines.
• Electromagnetic Conductivity


  Also called EM, is used to detect and differentiate metallic artifacts buried near the earth's surface. The technique locates near-surface cultural features by their various water saturations.
• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)


  Is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
• Georesistivity Method


  Fall into the category of Vertical electrical surveys which sends electrical current into the subsurface.
• Seismic Method


  Most commonly conducted geophysical surveys for engineering investigations.
• Vibroseis


  also known as "Thumper", or a "Shaker unit". It is a large hydraulic ram that is fitted to a special truck.
• Geophones


  it is the sensor that receive the seismic energy.
• Explosive detonation


  alternative method in producing the source of waves with the use of dynamite to produce sound.
• Electrical Methods


  Used for detecting the surface impacts of underground electric current flow.
• Electrode configuration


  There are numerous configurations or arrangements for placing the current and potential electrodes for surveying.
• Wenner configuration


  Four electrodes are used in this design, partially spaced along a line.
• Lee configuration


  Although the resistivity meters are designed to be used exclusively with a four-electrode array, a fifth electrode can be added to make the array capable of five electrodes.
• Schlumberger configuration


  The configuration of schlumberger has two outer current electrodes and two inner potential electrodes with variable spacing between them.
• Direct penetration


  Also known as "Direct Investigation Method". It refers to the techniques used to assess the subsurface of soil and rock by physically driving a probe or a tool into the ground.
• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)


  It is a widely used geotechnical field test that measures the resistance of soil to penetration by a standard sampler driven into the ground at the bottom of a borehole.