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• El Niño


  1. 12 months lasting period
• El Niño


  tag-araw, tagtuyot
• El Niño


  • Most affected areas near the equator
• El Niño


  "sanggol ni Hesus" or "son of Christ"
• La Niña


  Characterized by usually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial pacific
• La Niña


  "the girl"
• La Niña


  • Unusual cooling of at least -0.5C, may last for 1-3 years
• La Niña can follow on El Niño but historical records shows that El Niño occur twice as frequent as La Niña
• Causes of La Niña

  Strengthening of easterly trade winds which blow more warm water towards the west and allows the upwelling of cold water in the east
• During El Niño


  Weak monsoon activity
• During El Niño


  Weak tropical cyclones activity
• During El Niño


  Below normal rainfall
• During El Niño


  Above normal temperature
• During El Niño


  Drier weather conditions
• During La Niña


  Moderate to strong monsoon activity
• During La Niña


  Moderate to strong cyclone activity
• During La Niña


  Above normal rainfall
• During La Niña


  Near to below normal temperatures
• During La Niña


  Wetter weather conditions
• Health Problems


  • Disease due to flood (Autre gastro, cholera, Hep. A, Typhoid fever)
  • Leptospirosis
  • Dengue fever and malaria
  • Injuries and accidents
• La Niña Categories based of ENSO (El Niño Southern Osculation) based on SST

  • Weak: -0.5 to -1.0C
  • Moderate: -1.0 to -1.5c
  • Strong: more than -1.5c
• ENSO event preparation and adaptation strategies


  • Monitoring - utmost important
  • Adaptation strategies: water management, agricultural sector: Framing, fishing industry, electricity, health
• ENSO: El Niño Southern Osculation


  Most powerful climatic force on earth
• ENSO: El Niño Southern Osculation


  Cyclic fluctuation of warm and cold sea surface temperature and atmospheric pressure in the central and eastern equatorial pacific
• El Niño


  Area that has been below normal amount of rainfall for a period of 3 months is considered under a dry spell
• El Niño


  Below normal amount of rainfall for a period of 5 months is already experiencing drought
• El Niño


  Prolonged unusual warming of sea surface temp in the equatorial pacific and the Eastern equatorial pacific
• El Niño


  Greater than usual warming of at least 0.5c
• El Niño


  • Lasts 9 months up to 2 yrs
• This El Niño event was recorded in 2018 until 2019, between April and May
• Causes of El Niño


  Abnormal weather pattern from warming of the ocean near the equator, of the coast of south America
• Causes of El Niño


  Occurs when the normal trade wind weaken (or even reverse) which lets the warm water that usually found in the western Pacific flow instead towards the east
• Primary effects of El Niño and La Niña


  • Alterations of weather pattern
  • Temperature changes
  • Precipitation changes
  • Storm track and intensity changes
  • Alterations of currents and sea temp
• Secondary effects of El Niño and La Niña


  • Domestic water supply
  • Agricultural effect
  • Effects on marine ecosystem, capture fishery and aquaculture
  • Land degradation - desert like condition
  • Water quality deterioration - salt water intrusion in coastal communities
  • Forest wild fires
  • Land subsidence - sedimentary rock
  • Direct economic and societal effects
• PAG-ASA's categories based on SST (sea surface temp)El Niño 


  • Weak: +0.5 to 1.0c
  • Moderate: +1.0 to +1.5c
  • Strong: more than +1.5c
• El Niño and La Niña recurrence

  • Usually recur every 3-5 years but can range from 2-7 years
• El Niño and La Niña recurrence

  • Maximum intensity during December - April
• El Niño and La Niña recurrence

  • Eventually weaken during May- July