Paper 1

• plant adaptations in the rainforest

  • Drop tips to stop leaves ripping or rotting
  • Buttresses roots - trees grow to ~200 feet
• why it rains so much in the rainforest:

  1. sun heats up ground and air
  2. water evaporates from ground and trees
  3. warm air rises til it cools and condenses
  4. cumulus and stormy cumulonimbus clouds
  5. heavy rain
• Cattle ranching in amazon

  • 80% of deforestation
  • £6.8 billion in Brazil in 2008
• rainforest rainfall


  Less than 250mm
• Arid climate


  Too dry & barren to support vegetation
• Salinisation


  Accumulation of salts in soil that eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth
• Tourism in the western desert - places


  Las vegas

  lake mead

  Grand Canyon
• Risk of flooding in uk

  1. Sudden, prolonged rainfall - flash flooding
  2. depressions bring in heavy rainfall & strong winds - coastal flooding
  3. not typically prepared
  4. flood walls and embankments/levees
• Mt Pinatubo


  Global temps dropped for 3 years after erupting in 1991
• Kyoto protocol


  150 nations wanting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Paris agreement


  Agreement between UN member states in 2005 to cut down greenhouse gasses
• How are interlocking spurs formed?


  in the upper course of a river, most of the erosion is vertical. This creates a steep V-shaped valley. The rivers aren’t powerful enough to erode laterally so they have to wind around the high hillsides that stick out. The hillsides that interlock with each other as the river winds around them are called interlocking spurs
• Oxbow lake formation 


  After a long period of time, the meander becomes very curved and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander, forming an oxbow lake
• How are estuaries formed

  1. Affected by wave action & fluvial processes (deposition)
  2. During a rising tide, river water is unable to be discharged into sea
  3. The river velocity falls and sediment is deposited
  4. At low tide, the deposits form mudflats
  5. Saltmarshes
• Chile‘s magnitude


  8.8
• Nepal’s magnitude


  7.8
• Chile date


  Feb 2010
• Nepal date


  April 2015
• Chile gdp


  38
• nepal gdp


  109
• How many people were killed in chile

  500
• Cost of chile


  $30 billion
• secondary effects of chile


  Coastal areas flooded by tsunami

  Landslides blocked roads

  Water, electricity, and communications lost
• Chile’s reconstruction plan


  Helped 200k households and took 4 years to complete
• How many emergency shelters did chile set up

  30k
• Chile responses


  Foreign aid was not needed

  roads repaired in a day
• how many were killed in Nepal

  9000
• Economic effects of Nepal

  $5billion damaged

  50% shops destroyed
• How many were left homeless after Nepal

  3 million
• Nepal’s avalanche


  Killed 19
• Nepal secondary effect


  Flooding and landslides damaged roads
• Nepal immediate responses

  Overseas aid from NGOs, such as oxfam

  300k evacuated

  Helicopter Search and Rescue
• How many were evacuated in Nepal

  300k
• How many donation were there for Nepal

  £87 million
• How many homes had been rebuilt in Nepal

  3/4 of the ones destroyed by 2019
• When was typhoon Haiyan


  November 2013
• Haiyan wind speeds


  Over 170mph
• Haiyan storm surge


  5m
• Haiyan wave size


  15m
• Haiyan rainfall


  400mm