Anthro

• Homo erectus


  -discovered by eugene dubois in 1891

  -1.9 mya- 100kya

  -longest living hominin species

  -found in Java, china, georgia and africa
• homo erectus characteristics


  -temporal trend toward larger brain (650- 1150 cc)

  -Supraorbital torus, supraorbital sulcus, safittal keel, angled occipital with occipital torus, v thick cranial bone, orthognathic, smaller teeth/jaw

  -Robust but modern postcranial skeleton
• H. heidelbergensis


  - 640-200 kya

  -1150- 1250 cc (larger than h erectus)

  -broad face and interorbital distance, thick brow that gets thinner laterally

  -who H sapiens possibly evolved from

  - includes european fossils

  -petralona, arago, mauer (european fossil), kabwe, bodo (african fossil), Dali (asia)
• H rhodesinesis


  -from africa
• Denisovans


  - from asia
• Neandertals


  -first appear in western europe 150 kya and disappear around 39kya

  -overlapped with h sapiens.

  -lived around the mediterranean, some going to uzbekistan and siberia

  -brain case- large, but long and low

  -post. view- oval shaped brain case

  -midface is prognathic. large nasal aperature

  -browridges- large/double arched

  -retromolar fossa on mandible. No chin

  -DNA is very different from humans

  -likely evolved from h heidelbergensis

  - sometimes seen as separate species or sometimes subspecies of h sapiens
• neandertal behavior


  -used fire a lot

  -used animal skins/hides for shelter/cloaks

  -migrated seasonally

  -found with middle paleolithic tools

  -had thrusting spears

  -didn't leave art behind (beads, artwork)

  -dead buried for ritual or practical. no grave "goods"

  -some sites suggest that they practiced cannibalism
• archaeic h sapiens


  may represent h heidelbegensis and h rhodesiensis
• neandertal characteristics


  robust, double arched brow ridges

  large cranial capacity

  long, low vault

  inflated cheeks w/out canine fossa

  midface projection

  no chim

  occipital bun

  juxtamastoid eminence

  shovel-like incisors
• shanidar cave


  zagros mountains, iraq

  80-60 kya
• kebara


  eastern neandertal sites (middle east)

  45-60 kya
• neandertal sizes


  shorter than mod humans

  -males about 5'6 weighing around 140 pounds

  -females- 5'3 weighing 110 lbs.

  -chest- barrel shaped

  -forearm and shin and limbs were short

  -characteristics helped in cold areas

  -bones and joints were all bigger meaning they had a physically demanding life

  -large, muscular, and powerful

  -pubic bone- in front of pelvis
• Archaic homo: H. nanderthalensis


  (La Ferraisie) France, (Feldhofer )Germany, (Amud Kebara) Israel, (Shanidar) Iraq

  150-30 kya

  -large brain (1250-1700 cc)

  -big nose, midfacial prognathism

  -rounded oval shaped braincase

  -stocky and muscular

  -descended from H heidelbergensis
• Acheulean tools


  1.76 mya- 250 kya

  -Early Stone Age or Lower paleolithic

  -hand axes and cleavers
• Mousterian tools


  middle palelithic

  -associated with european neandertals
• Leaving africa


  Afria- 1.8 mya

  Georgia- 1.7 mya

  Java (south asia)_ 1.6-1.8 mya

  Asia- 1.6-1.2 mya

  Europe- 1.0 mya
• archaic homo sapiens (heidelbergensis)


  640 kya

  -large, strong, arching browridges

  thick boned low cranial vault

  large nose

  occipital torus

  inflated cheeks
• neanderthal vs modern h sapiens


  reduction in skeletal robusticity

  reduction in overall body size
• herto


  from ethipia

  200-100 kyr

  1450 cc
• Skhul


  sympatric with neanderthal

  found in Jebel

  110 kya
• middle paleolithic tools


  blade-like forms

  160 kya

  first evidence of marine resource use at time
• Blombos Cave,


  south africa

  75 kya

  shell ornaments

  oldest known art
• cro magnon


  best known early modern humans from europe

  from cro magnon rock shelter in France

  discovered in 1868

  remains include 4 adults, infant and various remains

  27 kyo

  "old man"

  gracile

  small face

  large and bulbous braincase
• upper paleolithic tools


  blades

  microliths

  bone harpoons and bone needles
• art appearance


  40 kya in various parts of the world

  symbolic behavior
• timeline from 60-25 kya


  modern humans leave africa 60kya and migrate to europe 45kya

  -neanderthals persist until 25kya

  -modern h sapiens tropically adapted

  -neanderthals cold adapted

  -glacial maximum (cold) b/w 40-20 kya

  tropically adapted species replaced cold adapted species (neanderthals) at height of an ice age
• modern homo sapeins


  earliest appearances: herto, omo in africa, Aqfzeh in israel

  160 kya until present

  Large brain, small flat face

  tech sophisticated

  colonizes world

  ONLY extant hominin
• multiregional hypothesis


  propose that our origins cant be pinned down to a single population or area

  -gene flow and repeated population movements was extensive among old world hominin populations

  -says humans originated in the context of gene flow between multiple regions
• replacement models


  suggests humans had a localized origin- thought to be africa.
• origin of modern humans (multiregional)


  h erectus (africa/asia) to archaic h sapiens or late h erectus (europe, africa, and asia) to regional tralsational archaic h sapiens ( all 3) to neandertahals (europe) and Modern h sapeiens (all 3)
• origin of modern humans (replacement)


  h erectus (af/as) to h heidelbergensis (all 3 ) neanderthals (europe) to h sapiens (africa)
• Mutliregional hypothesis (fossils)


  1. fossiles intermediate b/w archaic and modern humans would have to be found in every region

  2. fossil types will not overlap as all are part of a single evolving lineage

  -Neither of these are followed so it can't be supported
• replacement hypothesis (fossils)


  1. fossils intermediate b/w arcahic and modern humans will be found on ly in Africa

  2. fossil species should overlap for a period of time as modern humans move into an area before replacing local hominins

  -both of these are met so this is the correct hypoth
• modern human genetic variation based on mitochondrial DNA


  ancestral split shows african group and group including africans and ppl from the rest of the world
• Mutliregional hypothesis (regional genetic variation)


  1. gen variation will be greates in eurasian pops bc gene flow is greatest there

  -NOT met
• replacement hypoth (regional genetic variation)

  1. genetic variation will be greatest in africa pops because they have been divering from each other the longest

  -this is MET so this is more correct
• multiregional hypoth (regional genetic continuity)


  1. archaics and neanderthals will have passed some of their genes to modern descendants ( modern europeans)

  -UNKNOWN
• replacement (regional genetic continuity

  1. africa is the only region in which archaics will ahve passed their genes on to modern humans

  - UNKNOWn
• Refined model: neanderthal admixture


  neanderthal common ancestor breaks into neanderthal and homo sapiens

  h. sapiens break into french, chinese, papuan, yoruba and san

  very limited interbreeding w neanderthals and h sapiens.
• encephalization quotient (EQ)


  observed brain size/ expected brain size for typical mammal of same body size

  humans have big brains based on body size

  neanderthals had big enough brains to fit w modern human range, but EQ is lower bc they had larger bodies