social sciencee

• State Actors

  Political unit with the ultimate authority or sovereignty over an area of territory and the people in it
• State Actors

  • Primary task is to ensure security and protection for their citizens by providing social security, healthcare, transportation, education, and many more services well beyond law enforcement
• Policy


  A set of ideas or a plan of action agreed to by a group of people with the power to enforce it. It is a tool used by the government to address societal concerns for the common good.
• Policy Making


  • Involves the public, NGOs, experts, and private sectors, aiming to make society better
  • Public policy is crucial for addressing societal issues and improving people's lives
• Policy Influence


  • Shapes and impacts people's everyday lives
  • People have the right and obligation to participate, fight for, and influence policy decisions
• Non State Actors


  Organized groups or individuals which are partly independent of a sovereign state. They contribute to many various aspects of state development.
• Role of non-state actors


  To influence legislation and contribute to the implementing of certain government projects or decisions regarding urgent matters
• State Actors


  The government of the country, whose primary role is to ensure security and protection for its citizens
• Non-state actors


  Independent organizations not part of the government, run by groups or influential individuals by which they influence the country's political conditions directly or indirectly
• Civil society organizations


  • Play an important role in the development of the country, helping and working in the improvement of society
• State


  A political unit with the ultimate authority or sovereignty over an area of territory and the people in it. Its primary task is to ensure security and protection for its citizens by providing various services such as social security, healthcare, transportation, and education.
• Social Media/Social Networking Sites


  • Play a vital role in policy making by allowing people to express grievances towards social issues and influencing the government in its policy making on pressing issues
  • Help individuals stay updated on what's happening in society, connect with others, and participate in discussions on important issues
• There are no provisions regulating the use of social media in the Anti-Terrorism Act, emphasizing citizens' rights and safeguards provided in the Constitution.
• Social Media


  • Shapes millennial political involvement and engagement
  • Serves as a powerful and influential tool for discussing societal issues, advancing advocacies, and raising concerns on local and national matters
• Political socialization


  The process whereby a person develops their political beliefs, behavior, and values through various societal agents
• Agents of political socialization


  • Are crucial in developing an individual's political preferences and identity
• Media


  • As an agent of political socialization, shapes political beliefs by disseminating information, stimulating citizen awareness and participation, and instilling political literacy
• Types of media


  • Broadcast media
  • Printed media
  • Outdoor media
  • Social media
• Family, peers, church, and colleagues


  • Play a significant role in affecting individual and personality development, helping individuals form their political identity and preferences
• Power of initiative or People's Initiative


  The power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose and enact legislation through an election
• Systems of Initiative


  • Initiative on the Constitution
  • Initiative on the Statutes
  • Initiative on Local Legislation
• Initiative process


  1. Gather the required number of signatures of registered voters, including at least 10% of total registered voters for national legislation and 3% of registered voters in each legislative district

  2. Submitted to the Commission on Elections (Comelec) for validation and verification

  3. Published in major newspapers for public awareness

  4. Followed by a referendum
• Referendum or plebiscite


  An electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people
• A new law takes effect 15 days after its publication in the Official Gazette or a newspaper with major circulation.
• Power of initiative and referendum


  • Allows the people to have legislative influence beyond the traditional legislative branch, providing a direct way for citizens to propose and enact laws, thereby enhancing the democratic process
• Public policy making process


  Problems are conceptualized and brought to the government for solutions that follow the formulation of alternatives, implementation, evaluation, and revision
• Key players in the policy-making process


  • The government and the citizens. A democratic decision-making process involving community members or students perceiving a problem marks the beginning of the process.
• Public policies


  • In the form of laws, rules, or agreed-upon procedures, are used to achieve government goals and fulfill responsibilities in protecting people's rights and promoting the common good
• Public policy in the Philippines


  Agenda setting, policy formulation, legislation, implementation, and monitoring
• Private sphere and civil society


  • Operate within legal limits to address community problems
• Problem identification in policy-making


  Through performance reviews, observation, needs analysis, or community immersion, helping to determine emerging issues and concerns
• Legislative branch in the Philippines


  • Formulates laws that are enacted by the executive branch and interpreted by the judiciary, highlighting its role in policy-making and governance processes
• SWOT Analysis


  A strategic planning tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a business, project, or idea. It is a comprehensive assessment that can help in decision-making and strategic planning.
• Formulating a policy initiative

  Involves gathering data related to the problem at hand, analyzing and organizing such data. The policy-making process is akin to understanding oneself, the team, the problem at hand, and the factors that affect the problem.
• Authorities' support for an initiative


  Depends on how well the initiative is aligned with the interests and needs of the stakeholders and the community. Factors such as understanding the problem and gathering relevant data can contribute to gaining the support of authorities.
• Stakeholder Analysis


  Used to identify critical individuals, groups, or institutions with an interest, position, or potential solutions to an identified issue. It helps in understanding the influence and interests of different stakeholders in the policy-making process.
• Stakeholder Analysis


  • Can aid in understanding the power, interest, and potential impact of different stakeholders involved in a specific policy initiative. It helps in identifying supporters, blockers, and neutral parties and guides in developing strategies for obtaining support or reducing obstacles.
• Policymaking


  The activity of deciding on new policies by the government or any administrative body. It involves a lengthy process, requiring research, data and information analysis, stakeholder involvement, public consideration, and more, to determine solutions to pressing problems in society.
• Stages in the policy cycle model


  • Agenda Setting
  • Policy Formulation
  • Adoption or Decision Making
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
• Purpose of each stage in the policy cycle model


  • Agenda Setting: Acknowledges a policy and the issue it is intended to address as of public interest.
  • Policy Formulation: Examines various policy options and determines the direction of the policy.
  • Adoption or Decision Making: Involves making decisions at the governmental level, favoring approaches to address a given problem.
  • Implementation: Establishes the policy's implementation parameters, which directly affect the eventual outcome.
  • Evaluation: Assesses the policy to verify whether its implementation and its effects are aligned with the set objectives.