ac 3.1

• Role of The Police

  enforce the law, detain/arrest criminals
• How many police forces are in the UK?

  45 (39 in England, 4 in Wales, 1 in Scotland, 1 in Ireland)
• Aims and objectives of the police

  Reduce crime and maintain law and order, protecting the public/property, and preventing/detecting criminal activity
• How do they reach objectives?

  Arrest, detention, searching interviews
• Funding of the police

  Majority (2/3) from home office - police funding settlement

  Local council tax

  Charged services eg policing football matches
• Philosophy of the police

  Grounded on policing by consent derived from Peelian Principles, meaning there must be public support for them to exist. Does not apply to consent of the individual - cannot withdraw.

  
  

  Can only use force if absolutely necessary + must prevent crime and disorder
• Working practices of the police

  All forces have officers responsible for general beat duties and responding to emergency calls. Most start in neighbourhood policing and move into more specialised roles e.g CID
• Role of the CPS


  main public prosecutor in England and Wales, created in 1985 under the Prosecution of Offences Act. This role was previously done by the police
• Aims and Objectives of the CPS

  - advises the police in investigations

  - decides whether to prosecute and what charges should be given

  - assists, informs and supports victims and prosecution witnesses
• Philosophy of the CPS

  -Independence and fairness

  -Honesty and openness

  -Treating everyone with respect

  -Behaving professionally and striving for excellence

  -Equality and inclusion
• How the CPS are Funded

  most comes from the government - around half a billion a year

  
  

  funding has recently been cut however - in 2018, budget reportedly fallen by 25% and lost 1/3 of its staff
• Working Practices of the CPS

  Deals with the whole range of offences and criminals

  
  

  Has a national reach - 14 regional area teams
• Working Practices - decision to prosecute

  1. Evidential test - is the evidence sufficient?

  2. Public Interest test - is it beneficial to the public?
• Role of the Judiciary

  interpret and apply the law to court cases to come to a judgement
• Aims and Objectives of the Judiciary

  - manage the trial

  - ensure human rights are upheld

  - explain procedure to the jury

  - pass sentence
• Philosophy of the Judiciary

  Six Principles:

  1. Independence

  2. Impartial

  3. Integrity

  4. Propriety

  5. Equality

  6. Competence
• How the Judiciary are funded

  Pay is based on the Senior Salaries Review Body who recommend to the PM and Lord Chancellor

  
  

  Highest: £267K Lowest: £91K
• Working Practices of the Judiciary

  Deal with all type of offences/offenders - except the lowest as these will be in magistrate courts

  
  

  National reach - courts all around country

  Local reach - for judges working in the crown courts
• Role of Prisons

  HM Prison and Probation Service - preventing victims by changing the lives of the offender
• Aims and Objectives of Prisons

  - to protect the public from harm

  - help those who are convicted to rehabilitate

  - hold prisoners securely following the sentences/order of the courts
• Philosophy of Prisons

  Preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders
• How Prisons are funded

  Paid for by the government out of general taxation
• Working Practices of Prisons

  Deals with higher risk offenders who aren't suitable for a community sentence. Range of offences ranges form theft to murder.

  
  

  It is organised nationally. Offender are first placed in a local prison awaiting a security classification.
• Working Practices: Activities/routines

  Activities are limited - e.g under 2/5 having 'good' activities in 2020, compared to 2/3 in 2010.

  
  

  This is due to a lack of prison officers to supervise.
• Working Practices: Incentives and Earned Privileges

  Rewards for following rules - basic, standard and enhanced. All start on standard.

  
  

  Basic - minimum set by the law. limits visits etc

  Enhanced - additional privileges e.g TV
• Role of the Probation Service

  Supervises offenders released into the community, prioritising rehabilitation to make positive changes.

  
  

  Anyone released within 2 days to 2 years must be on probation
• Aims and Objectives of the Probation Service

  Work with ~30K a year to support rehabilitation and protection of the public. Wok with those of community sentences or released on licence
• As of March 2023, how many are on probation?

  21K women

  217K men
• Philosophy of the Probation Service

  - offenders can change

  - belief in the worth of the offender

  - commitment to social justice and equality
• How the Probation Service is funded

  Funded by income tax and share funding with HM Prison and Probation Service - £4.9B in 2022/23
• Working Practices of the Probation Service

  - pre sentence reports to help with an appropriate sentence

  - assess offenders in prison to prepare them for probation

  - attend MAPPA meetings

  - supervise offenders

  - communicate with/prioritise victims of serious sexual/violent crime
• National/Local Reach?

  National service working to the same standards delivered regionally.

  
  

  Work with offenders deemed safe enough to be in the community
• Role of charities and pressure groups

  Charities help those in need.

  
  

  Pressure groups campaign for change.
• e.g: Unlock

  Create a fair/inclusive society for those with a criminal record, providing support
• Aims and Objectives of Unlock

  1. Help ex offenders move on with their lives via giving info and support

  2. Promote a fairer and inclusive society challenging discriminatory practice against ex offenders

  
  

  2014: 6000 Bank Accounts for offenders awaiting release
• Philosophy of Unlock

  Everyone deserves a second chance following a conviction and they shouldn't face discrimination
• How Unlock are funded

  Voluntary donations - 2022/23: £438K
• e.g: NACRO

  A social justice charity seeking to change lives, strengthen communities and prevent crime
• Aims and Objectives of NACRO

  Provide support through education, housing, justice and health and wellbeing services​

  
  

  Work closely with people to help them build independence and to move forward to a better future
• Philosophy of NACRO

  believes everyone deserves a good education, a safe and secure place to live, the right to be heard and the chance to start again with support from someone on their side