Germany

• Kaiser's Aims


  Aim 1 - divine right of kings, lack of respect for the reichstag

  Aim 2 - Grow army and navy, empire to rival Britain and France
• 1890 - 1910


  49 million to 65 million
• 1910


  1/3 of the world's electrical goods
• Prussia 


  2/3 of population
• Things supporting the Kaiser 


  Industrialisation

  Prussian Militarism

  Junkers
• Things that STOPped the Kaiser 


  Socialism - lessen gap between rich and poor

  Trade unions - better pay and working conditions

  Oppositon - within the Reichstag

  Parties - Social democrats
• Socialism in 1912 


  Social democrats = largest party
• Trade unions by 1914 


  3 million workers had joined
• Reforms - 1890s 


  Caprivi (3)
• Reforms - 1900


  Bulow (2 + 1)
• Repression - 1984


  Social democrat leaders on trial
• Repression - 1898


  Suggested those who striked went to prison
• Admiral von Tirpitz


  They would frighten the British and wouldn't stop them growing empire and Navy League formed
• Naval laws 


  1898 - 7 battleships in 3 years

  1900 - double navy
• Production after the war


  Down by a 1/3 (lost workers)
• Food and fuel shortages during the war


  Money in increased - wages decreased - Morale decreased - Strikes increased
• Land 


  10% of land 13% of population
• Army 


  100,000 men and 6 battleships
• War guilt clause 


  Article 231
• 1922 - economy 


  Cannot pay reparations for 3 years
• 1923 - Ruhr 


  60,000 soldiers
• Passive resistance in the Ruhr


  140 killed
• Hyperinflation 


  1 US dollar = 2 billion marks
• Positives of Hyperinflation 


  Pay of debts easier

  Business profits increased quickly
• Percent needed to pass law?

  Over 50%
• Supporting parties


  Social democrats (Ebert) - working class

  Centre Party - catholic church

  Democratic party - middle class

  People's party - middle class and industrialists
• Opposing parties 


  Communists

  Nazis
• Spartacits 


  1919
• Kapp Putsch 


  1920
• Munich Putsch 


  1923
• Stresemann - 1923


  Called off French in the Ruhr
• Stresemann - 1923


  Rentenmark
• Stresemann - 1924 


  Dawes plan - lengthened reparations and loans from America
• Stresemann - 1925 


  Locarno pact - no invasion, respect boundaries from the treaty (Ruhr)
• Stresemann - 1926


  League of Nations
• Stresemann - 1928


  Kellog-Brand pact - peaceful resolutions in relation to world policy
• Stresemann - 1929 


  Young plan - < £2 billion but never happened
• Weimar culture 


  Cencorship - removed freedom decrease in morality

  Challenged - against traditions

  Criticised - government
• Opposition to golden 20s 


  Moral decline

  Against religion

  Unpatriotic

  Traditional art for worshipping war heroes
• Unemployment - 1932 


  1/3 of the population