Ma'am Dg

• Socio-cultural anthropology


  A specialized field within anthropology that specifically examines and analyzes human communities and cultures
• Anthropology


  A broad field of study that examines the entirety of human existence, including our origins, evolution, and current variations
• Cultural anthropology


  Focuses on the study of how individuals live, interact, structure their societies, and manifest their identities within diverse social and cultural settings
• Cultural relativism


  An anthropological idea and ethical position that advocates for refraining from making judgments on practices, beliefs, and values within a culture, and instead emphasizes the need of understanding them within their own cultural framework

  
• Cultural relativism


  • Suspension of judgment
  • Cultural setting
  • No one standard
  • Cultural diversity
  • Avoidance of ethnocentrism
  • Holistic understanding

  
• Political anthropology


  An academic discipline that examines the interconnections of political systems, power dynamics, and social structures among different human societies
• Power and authority


  Fundamental concepts in the field of political anthropology, encompassing figures of authority, processes of decision-making, and methods of social control
• Figures of authority


  Persons or organizations in a culture who possess positions of power and influence, such as political leaders, rulers, chiefs, or other authoritative institutions
• Political institutions


  Concerned with the distribution of power within society, requiring an understanding of authority and power, which is held in relation to others and defined as the ability to influence or carry out a group's or individual's will despite opposition from others
• The Philippine government is based on a democratic system with a constitution-defined framework, and is a unitary state with a presidential system of government
• Executive branch


  1. The President is the head of state and administration, elected for a single six-year term, and is the military's commander-in-chief and in charge of enforcing and executing laws

  2. The Vice President is elected independently and is the second-highest officer in the executive branch

  3. Cabinet members are appointed by the President and serve as heads of numerous executive departments in charge of specific policy areas
• Legislative branch


  Congress of the Philippines is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Senate is made up of 24 senators elected nationally for six-year terms, and the House of Representatives is made up of representatives chosen from legislative districts and party lists
• Judicial branch

  1. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, responsible for interpreting the Constitution, ruling on constitutional matters, and assessing the legality of laws

  2. Lower courts include the Court of Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, and Municipal Trial Courts, which hear matters at various levels
• Local government


  1. The Philippines is divided into provinces, each containing cities and municipalities, each with its own local government structure consisting of an elected governor, mayor, and legislative body

  2. Barangay: the smallest administrative division, sometimes known as a hamlet or neighborhood, with elected officials including a barangay captain
• Constitutional commissions


  • Commission on Elections (COMELEC): in charge of ensuring free, orderly, and honest elections
  • Civil Service Commission (CSC): handles civil service affairs, such as government employee recruitment and promotion
  • The Commission on Audit (COA) examines and audits government accounts, ensuring transparency and accountability in the use of public funds
• Kinship


  Social interactions and connections formed by familial ties, common lineage, or marriage, referring to the network of relationships that people identify and keep with their relatives, which is an important part of social organization in communities all over the world
• Family structure


  • Nuclear: parents and their children living together in one household
  • Extended: includes not only parents and children but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often living in close proximity or within the same household
  • Patrilocal: the married couple resides with or near the husband's family
  • Matrilocal: the married couple resides with or near the wife's family
  • Bilateral: allows for residence flexibility, with couples able to live with or near either their husband's or wife's families
  • Single-parent: a parent raising children without the presence of a spouse
  • Blended (stepfamily): forms when one or both partners in a marriage have children from previous relationships
  • Transnational: with the prevalence of overseas employment, one or both parents work abroad while maintaining family ties in the Philippines
  • Matriarchal: women play a central and leading role in decision-making and family affairs
  • Child-centered: the emphasis is on the needs and well-being of the children
  • Cohabiting: unmarried couples living together and sharing a household
  • Patriarchal: characterized by the dominance of the father or eldest male
• Single-parent


  A parent raising children without the presence of a spouse. This can result from various factors, including divorce, separation, or the death of a partner.
• Blended


  Also known as a stepfamily, forms when one or both partners in a marriage have children from previous relationships. The family includes biological and stepchildren.
• Transnational


  With the prevalence of overseas employment, transnational families emerge when one or both parents work abroad while maintaining family ties in the Philippines.
• Matriarchal


  Women play a central and leading role in decision-making and family affairs. This type of family structure may be influenced by cultural and regional variations.
• Child-centered


  The emphasis is on the needs and well-being of the children. Parents prioritize the education, health, and development of their children.
• Cohabiting


  Involve unmarried couples living together and sharing a household.
• Patriarchal


  Characterized by the dominance of male figures, often the father or grandfather, in decision-making and family leadership.
• Communication styles


  Involves verbal and non-verbal interactions between family members. Open and effective communication fosters understanding, while poor communication can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.
• Roles and responsibilities


  Roles and responsibilities within the family structure. These roles can be influenced by cultural expectations, gender norms, and individual skills. Examples include the roles of parents, siblings, and extended family members.
• Power and decision-making


  The distribution of power may be influenced by factors such as age, gender, and cultural norms. Healthy family dynamics often include shared decision-making and mutual respect.
• Boundaries


  Shaped by the establishment of boundaries—emotional, physical, and psychological limits that define individual roles and responsibilities. Clear and healthy boundaries contribute to positive family functioning.
• Conflict resolution


  Involves open communication, empathy, and a willingness to find mutually satisfactory solutions.
• Emotional atmosphere


  The expression of love, support, and empathy, as well as the handling of stress and adversity.
• Adaptability and flexibility


  The ability to adapt and be flexible in response to life events, such as births, deaths, relocations, and transitions, is a key aspect of family dynamics.
• Cultural influences


  Norms and traditions influence how family's function, make decisions, and relate to one another.
• Family rituals and traditions


  A sense of continuity and identity within a family. They can include celebrations, ceremonies, and routines that contribute to the cohesion of the family unit.
• Attachment and relationships


  The quality of relationships and emotional attachments between family members is a central aspect of family dynamics. Positive attachments contribute to a sense of security and well-being, while strained relationships may lead to tension and conflict.
• Parenting styles


  Different parenting approaches, such as permissive, or authoritarian, impact the development of children and shape family interactions.
• Childhood


  During this stage, individuals are highly dependent on their caregivers, and family roles are typically defined by age and gender. The family plays a crucial role in socializing children, influencing their values, and providing emotional support.
• Adolescence


  Period marked by increased independence and identity formation. Family roles may shift as adolescents seek autonomy, challenge authority, and develop their own identities. Sibling relationships may become more egalitarian, and parent-child relationships often evolve as adolescents navigate issues of autonomy and peer relationships.
• Young adulthood


  Individuals may experience significant life events such as marriage, parenthood, or career development.
• Parenthood and midlife


  Individuals may experience multiple transitions during midlife, including career changes, health concerns, and the "empty nest" phase as children leave home. This period often involves a reassessment of personal and family goals.
• Later adulthood


  Structures may be shaped by events such as retirement, the loss of a spouse, or health challenges. Grandparenthood becomes a significant role for some individuals, and relationships within the extended family may be redefined.